Schneegrenze:\
Kerschner, H.:\
Die Gleichgewichtslinie ist der geometrische Ort aller Punkte auf einem Gletscher, deren Massenbilanz gleich Null ist.\
Die Schneegrenze wird als mittlere Gleichgewichtslinie definiert (GWL gemittelt ber mehrere Jahre)\
Zusatz: die GWL teilt Akkumulations- und Ablationsgebiet (d.h. weder Zuflu noch Abschmelzen: Nettobilanz ist gleich Null)	Gleichgewichtslinie	GWL	equilibrium line		linea de equilibrio								
Kerschner, H.:\
Die Gleichgewichtslinie ist der geometrische Ort aller Punkte auf einem Gletscher, deren Massenbilanz gleich Null ist.\
Die Schneegrenze wird als mittlere Gleichgewichtslinie definiert, der Integretationszeitraum umfasst mehr als ein Haushaltsjahr (in den Alpen vom 1.Oktober bis 30.September).\
Die Hhe der Schneegrenze kann fr einen einzelnen Gletscher oder als Mittel fr einen greren Raum bestimmt werden.\
\
	Schneegrenze		snow line; snow limit	limite des neiges ternelles	nivel de las nieves perpetuas								
	Waldgrenze		limit of forest growth	limite du fret	limite del bosque								
	Baumgrenze		timberline; tree line										
a fracture yielding an irregular surface consisting of smooth and curved shell-like areas.	muscheliger Bruch		conchoidal fracture	fracture conchoidale	fractura concoida								
a stone on which abrasion by wind-blown sand has produced faces that intersect in one or more sharp edges.\
	Windkanter		windkanter; wind-faceted stone	caillou  facettes	roca facetada por el viento								
Tsunami - Berge aus Wasser (dpa,13.7.1993)\
Wenn Erdbeben oder Vulkanausbrche den Meeresboden erschttern, knnen riesige Flutwellen entstehen. Experten bezeichnen sie als Tsunami; dieses japanische Wort bedeutdet "grosse Welle im Hafen". \
Auf hoher See sind die Flutwellen nicht hher als zwei oder drei Meter. Sie werden von Schiffen kaum wahrgenommen.\
Erreichen sie aber die Kste, knnen sie zu zerstrerischen Wasserbergen von ber 30 Metern Hhe anwachsen.\
\
Rings um den Pazifik besteht wegen der grossen Aktivitt der Erdkruste das hchste Risiko fr Tsunamis.\
Ein internationaler Warndienst versucht mit Computern und Satelliten, betroffene Gebiete rechtzeitig auf die Riesenwellen aufmerksam zu machen. \
Das gelingt nicht immer, denn sie sind enorm schnell. Sie breiten sich mit einer Geschwindigkeit von bis zu 700 Kilometern pro Stunde ber den Ozean aus, so schnell wie ein Dsenflugzeug.\
\
Katastrophen durch Tsunamis sind keineswegs selten. Verheerend waren im letzten Jahr die Flutwellen an der nicaraguanischen Pazifikkste sowie im stlichen Teil Indonesiens.\
Die Wassermassen in Indonesien liessen sogar eine Insel fr kurze Zeit versinken und brachten mehr als 2000 Menschen den Tod.\
Der indonesische Vulkan Krakatau spuckte 1883 sogar 18 Kubikkilometer Bims und Asche und verursachte dabei Flutwellen, in denen ber 35000 Menschen ihr Leben liessen.\
==========================================================================\
(NGDC, 19??)\
Tsunamis are commonly called seismic sea waves or incorrectly, tidal waves. The term "tidal wave" is frequently used in the older literature and in popular accounts, but is now considered incorrect. Tides are produced by the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon and occur predictably with twelve hour periods. The effects of a tsunami may be increased or decreased depending on the level of the tide, but otherwise the two phenomena are independent.\
"Tsunami" is a Japanese word meaning "harbor wave." It is a water wave or a series of waves generated by an impulsive vertical displacement of the surface of the ocean or other body of water.\
Tsunamis have been responsible for thousands of fatalities especially in Japan and Indonesia. Large tsunami events are somewhat rare and therefore difficult to capture on film. Major tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean region only about once per decade. However, some events, such as that in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in March 1964, and the tsunami generated off the coast of Chile in 1960, have been devastating over large distances. Most tsunamis are caused by a rapid vertical movement along a break in the Earth's crust (i.e., their origin is tectonic). \
A tsunami is generated when a large mass of earth on the bottom of the ocean drops or rises, thereby displacing the column of water directly above it. This type of displacement commonly occurs in large subduction zones, where the collision of two tectonic plates causes the oceanic plate to dip beneath the continental plate to form deep ocean trenches. Most shallow earthquakes occur offshore in these trenches. \
Subduction occurs along most of the island arcs and coastal areas of the Pacific, the notable exception being the west coast of the United States and Canada. Such trench areas off continental coasts and island arcs are generating areas for major tsunamis effecting the entire Pacific Basin. \
Volcanoes have also generated significant tsunamis resulting in death tolls as large as 30,000 people from a single event. Tsunamis effectively transmit energy to areas outside the reach of the volcanic eruption itself. \
The most efficient methods of tsunami generation by volcanoes include disruption of a body of water by the collapse of all or part of the volcanic edifice, subsidence, an explosion, a landslide, a glowing avalanche, and an earthquake accompanying or preceding the eruption. \
Roughly one-half of all volcanic tsunamis are generated at calderas or at cones within calderas. Submarine eruptions may also cause minor tsunamis. Subaerial and submarine landslides into bays or lakes have generated locally destructive tsunamis. Other possible but less efficient methods of tsunami generation also exist. \
More than one mechanism commonly is involved in the generation of a tsunami (e.g., vertical movement of the crust by a seismic impulse or an earthquake, and a submarine landslide). Tsunamis have been reported since ancient times. They have been documented extensively, especially in Japan and the Mediterranean areas.\
One of the first known tsunamis may have occurred off the coast of Syria in 2000 B.C. \
Since 1900 (the beginning of instrumentally located earthquakes), most tsunamis have been generated in Japan, Peru, Chile, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. \
However, the only regions that have generated remote- source tsunamis affecting the entire Pacific Basin are the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Aleutian Islands, the Gulf of Alaska, and the coast of South America. \
Hawaii, because of its location in the center of the Pacific Basin, has experienced tsunamis generated in all parts of the Pacific. The Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas both have small subduction zones, and have histories of locally destructive tsunamis. \
Only a few tsunamis have been generated in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In the Atlantic Ocean, there are no subduction zones at the edges of plate boundaries to spawn such waves except small subduction zones under the Caribbean and Scotia arcs. \
In the Indian Ocean, however, the Indo-Australian plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian plate at its east margin.\
Therefore, most tsunamis generated in this area are propagated toward the southwest shores of Java and Sumatra, rather than into the Indian Ocean. \
Our knowledge of tsunamis is incomplete. The generation phenomenon has not been observed nor measured directly. \
Photographs can contribute significantly to our understanding of tsunamis by recording permanently the heights and the damaging effects of the waves of past tsunami events.\
 	Tsunami		tsunami										
  A conventional term for the timber of broadleaved trees, and\
  the trees themselves, belonging to the botanical group Angiosp-\
  ermae. (FORTER)\
	Hartholz		hardwood										
  (radiocarbon dating) The time required for the half the amount\
  of a substance (here radiocarbon) in or introduced into a\
  living system or ecosystem to be eliminated or disintegrated by\
  natural processes.\
	Halbwertszeit		half-life										
  Process by which growth responds to environmental parameters.\
  (JLD)\
			growth-controlling process										
  A layer of cells along a cross section of a stem or root de-\
  fined by an abrupt change in cell structure between each ring.  (HCF)\
	Zuwachsring	Jahrring	growth ring     =tree ring										
  Changes in tree growth linked to changes in environmental or\
  other growth-limiting (e.g. physiological or anthropogenic)\
  parameters. (HCF, HDGM)\
			growth response										
  A layer of *xylem or *bark appearing in a cross-section of a\
  stem or root that was produced  during one growing period.\
  (FORTER, HCF)\
			growth layer										
  Season of cambial activity (as opposed to dormant season).\
  (FRIQR 431)\
	Vegetationsperiode		growing season  =vegetation period, n. (DENIDE)										
  A measure of the year-to-year agreement between the interval\
  trends of two series based upon the sign of agreement, usually\
  expressed as a percentage of cases of agreement. (SCHWTR 83, HCF)\
	Gleichlufigkeit		Gleichlaufigkeit										
  (dendroarchaeology) The year in which the seed that produced\
  the tree germinated. In practice, the date of the earliest\
  identifiable *pith ring in a tree. (JSD)\
			germination date										
  (dendroarchaeology) 1) A sequence of missing rings in a *chro-\
  nology.\
  (dendroarchaeology) 2) The temporal interval between a *dated\
  event and a *reference event. (JSDAAM 229)\
	Ringausfall , Lcke		gap										
  Combustible material.  (SAFGLO 54)\
	Brennstoff		fuel										
  Distorted *xylem tissue damaged by freezing in the *growing\
  season during which the cells of the tissue were being formed.\
  (FRITRC 537)\
			frost ring										
  Accumulation in the forest of living or dead (mostly wood)\
  material resulting at least partly from human activities\
  such as harvest, cultural operations, and land clearing.\
  (TSW, SAFGLO 53)\
			forest residue  = residue, n. (SAFGLO 53)										
  A *ring-width series or *skeleton plot (or a set of ring-width\
  series internally dated) of unknown age that has not been\
  *crossdated with a particular calendric date. (FRITRC 7, TREMWS 739)\
	schwimmende Chronologie		floating chronology										
  The relative ease with which a substance ignites and sustains\
  combustion. (SAFGLO 50)\
	Brennbarkeit		flammability   =inflammability, n.										
  To adjust (a smooth curve of a specified type) to a given set\
  of points.\
			fit (to)										
  The *correlation of each value in a *time series with the value\
  of its immediate predecessor. (FRITRC 537)\
			first-order autocorrelation										
  Species with morphological characteristics (e.g., thin bark)\
  that have a relatively high probability of being injured or\
  killed by fire than a *fire-sensitive tree. (SAFGLO 46)\
			fire-sensitive tree										
	Feuer-Wundnarbe		fire-scarred										
  Species with morphological characteristics (e.g., thick platy\
  or corky bark, or buds protected by long needles) that give it\
  a lower probability of being injured or killed by fire than a\
  *fire-sensitive tree. (SAFGLO 44)\
			fire-resistant tree										
  All work and activities associated with fire-extinguishing\
  operations, beginning with discovery and continuing until the\
  fire is completely extinguished. (SAFGLO 47)\
			fire suppression        = fire control, n. , = suppression, n.										
  Analysis of one or more fire scars to determine years, and\
  sometimes seasons, of past fires. (TSW)\
			fire scar analysis										
  Fire-caused wound in a stem of a woody plant, usually appearing\
  as a lesion within an *annual ring. (TSW)\
			fire scar       =fire wound, = scar										
  Combination of fire frequency, intensity, size, and seasonality\
  that characterizes the role of fire in an ecosystem. (TSW)\
			fire regime										
  Number of fires per unit time in a specified area. (SAFGLO 44)\
			fire occurrence = fire frequency, n. (SAFGLO 43), fire incidence										
  Time (in years) between two successive fires in a designated\
  area (i.e., the interval between two successive *fire occur-\
  rences). (SAFGLO 43)\
			fire interval   = fire free interval, n. (SAFGLO 43)										
  Length of time necessary for an area equal to the entire area\
  of interest to burn; size of the area of interest must be\
  clearly specified. (SAFGLO 40)\
			fire cycle      = fire-return interval, abbr. FRI										
  (fire history) Fast-drying dead *fuels, generally characterized\
  by a comparative high surface area-to-volume ratio, which are\
  less than 1/4-inch in diameter. (SAFGLO 38)\
			fine fuels      = flash fuels, pl. n., = flight fuels, pl. n.										
  Weights used to smooth a time series, depending on which fre-\
  quencies of variation are to be retained. (FRITRC 269)\
	Filter		filter										
  The year, known or derived, when a given tree was felled.\
			felling date    =cutting date, =death date										
  A change in cell structure within an *annual growth layer, in\
  either *earlywood or *latewood, which resembles the boundary of\
  a true *annual ring, making it appear to be two or more *growth\
  layers instead of one. (FRITRC 536, FRIEC 1)\
	Falscher Ring		false ring      =intra-annual bands of latewood (FRITRC)										
  Year with a conspicuous feature within a limited section of a\
  visually assessed individual tree-ring sequence. It can morpho-\
  logically be realized in various ways: *missing ring, *false\
  ring, first year of an *abrupt growth change, *reaction wood,\
  wound or increase in resin ducts or discolored tissue....\
  (DENIDE 11, HCF)\
	Weiserjahr		event year      #signature ring, n. (DENIDE)										
  An extreme value in a tree-ring series of measurements of any\
  kind of parameter (structure, density, width). (DENIDE 36)\
			event value										
  (general statistics) The numerical solution of a statistical\
  *regression equation in which the values of the *predictors\
  have been substituted into the equation to obtain values (the\
  estimates) of the *predictand. These are compared to actual\
  values of the *predictand to evaluate the degree of *calibra-\
  tion that has been obtained. (FRITRC 536)\
			estimate										
  definition welcome!\
	Eigenvektor		eigenvector										
  The *xylem cells produced in the *annual ring during the early\
  part of the *growing season, characterized by large, thin-\
  walled cells in gymnosperms, or vessels in angiosperms. (FRITRC 535)\
	Frhholz		earlywood       =early wood, #?springwood										
  Position of a feature observed within the first one third of\
 *earlywood cells produced during the *growing season. (TSW)\
			early earlywood										
  A condition in the life of organisms or their parts when a\
  tissue predisposed to proliferate does not do so, there being a\
  temporary suspension of visible growth and development. (FORT-\
  ER)\
			dormancy        =quiescence, =dormant period (HDGM), =dormant season (RKA)										
  (dendroarchaeology) The temporal interval between a *dated\
  event and a *target event when the latter is later than the\
  former. (JSDAAM 229)\
			disparity										
  (dendroarchaeology) The temporal interval between a *dated\
  event and a *target event when the latter is earlier than the\
  former. (JSDAAM 229)\
			disjunction										
			diffuse-porous species										
			diffuse-diffuse species										
  The process by which the young growing cells cease to enlarge\
  and take on the characteristics of the tissue of which they\
  will become a part, such as cell-wall thickness. (FRITRC 535)\
			differentiation =maturation, n. (FRITRC)										
			differentiated										
  Diameter of standing trees, taken at a standard height from\
  ground level: in Europe and most of the Commonwealth, at 4ft\
  3in (1.30 m), elsewhere at 4ft 6in (1.37 m). (FORTER)\
			diameter breast height  abbr. d.b.h., #b.d.h.										
  To remove a *trend in a curve, whatever the origin of this\
  trend (long-term climate change, age...).\
			detrend (to)    =stationnarize (to), t.v.										
  (dendroclimatology) Data used to obtain a *calibration. (FRITRC\
  535)\
			dependent data										
  A subfield of dendrochronology which utilizes dated *annual\
  rings to study hydrologic problems, such as river flow, lake\
  level changes and flooding history. (FRITRC 535, FHS)\
			dendrohydrology										
  A subfield of dendrochronology which utilizes *annual tree\
  rings to study geomorphic processes such as snow avalanches,\
  rock slides, rock glacier movements, soil creep, etc. (FRITRC\
  534, HDGM)\
			dendrogeomorphology										
  A subfield of dendrochronology which utilizes dated *annual\
  rings to study ecological problems and the environment. (FRITRC 534)\
	Dendrokologie		dendroecology										
  A subfield of dendrochronology which utilizes dated tree rings\
  to reconstruct and study past and present climate. (FRITRC 534)\
	Dendroklimatologie		dendroclimatology										
	Dendroklimatologe		dendroclimatologist										
			dendroclimatic										
  The science of dating annual growth layers of wood and tree\
  rings, to their exact year of formation. May include investi-\
  gations of the information content in the structure of dated\
  rings and applications to environmental and historical ques-\
  tions. (HCF, HDGM)\
	Dendrochronologie		dendrochronology        tree-ring analysis, n.										
			dendrochronologically										
			dendrochronological										
  (radiocarbon dating) Ten-year  groups of consecutive tree\
  rings. Successive groups of ten consecutive tree rings.  (SWL)\
			decadal										
  (radiocarbon dating) Large fluctuations of radiocarbon produc-\
  tion over the last 500 years as measured in tree rings.  (SWL)\
			de Vries effect										
  (dendroarchaeology) The likelihood of an object's yielding a\
  *date to some chronometric method. (JSDAAM 226)\
			dating potential        =datability, n.										
  (dendroarchaeology) The production of a wrong date owing to\
  human mistakes, equipment malfunction, or unknown or uncon-\
  trolled factors. (JSDAAM 226)\
	Datierungsfehler		dating error										
  (dendroarchaeology) A condition in which the *chronometric date\
  is not applicable to the *target event. (JSDAAM 228)\
	Datierungsanomalie		dating anomaly										
  (dendroarchaeology) The event that is actually *dated by any\
  *chronometric method in particular situation. (JSDAAM 226)\
	datiertes Ereignis		dated event										
  (general dendrochronology) To determine the date of an *annual\
  ring, by eye, by graphical or by statistical techniques.\
  (dendroarchaeology) To place in time events relative either to\
  one another or to any established event. (JSDAAM 225)\
			date (to)										
  (dendroarchaeology) The value that specifies the temporal\
  placement of a dated event. (JSDAAM 225)\
			date										
  The procedure of matching variations in ring width or other\
  ring characteristics among trees that have grown in nearby\
  areas, allowing the identification of the exact year in which\
  each *annual ring was formed. (FRITRC 534)\
			crossdating     =cross-dating, n.										
  (dendroarchaeology) (Of events) Having a common boundary;\
  contiguous. (Merriam Webster)\
			coterminus      =coterminous??, =conterminous										
  (radiocarbon dating) Method by which Hans Suess fitted a hand-\
  drawn, smoothed curve to his *radiocarbon activity measurements\
  in tree rings time series. (His subject interpretation of best\
  fit).  (SWL)\
	Kosmischer Schwung		cosmic schwung										
  (interdependence of ring widths) A statistic which expresses\
  the amount of interdependence or association between two data\
  sets without regard to dependency. It ranges in values from +1,\
  which indicates perfect and direct association, to -1, which\
  indicates perfect and inverse association. A value of 0 indi-\
  cates a complete lack of interdependence. (FRITRC 534)\
	Korrelationskoeffizient		correlation coefficient										
  (interdependence of ring widths) Association of two variables\
  without implying the presence or the direction of dependence.\
  (FRITRC 534)\
	Korrelation		correlation										
  (dendroarchaeology) Convergence exists between a *dated event\
  and a *target event when the two are *contemporaneous.\
	Konvergenz		convergence										
  (dendroarchaeology)\
			contemporaneous =coeval, adj. (JSDAAM 229)										
  *Reaction wood which in coniferous species occurs on the lower\
  side of the leaning *stems and lateral branches. (FRITRC 533)\
	Druckholz		compression wood										
  1) Lack of ring-width variability which theoretically indicates\
  that the growth of a particular tree is relatively unaffected\
  by variations in climate.\
  2) Tree-ring series with little variability. (FHS)\
			complacency										
  An *estimate of association between two *time series (analogous\
  to the square of the *correlation coefficient) expressed as a\
  function of frequency. (FRITRC 533)\
			coherency       =coherence, n. (FRITRC 533)										
			coefficient of determination										
  (dendroarchaeology) Clustering occurs when a number of dates\
  from an archaeological feature fall within a very few years of\
  one another. (JSDAAM 250)\
			clustering										
  (dendroarchaeology) A group of tree-ring dates grouped within a\
  short period of time (1 to 5 years).\
			cluster										
  (dendroarchaeology) A method used to determine the relative or\
  absolute date of an event.\
			chronometric method     =chronometric technique										
  The *dating and processing of ring widths or other ring parame-\
  ters in many trees from a given region or site to produce long\
  homogeneous chronologies used for *crossdating and for\
  deducing past climate. (FRITRC 533)\
			chronology building     =chronology development, n.										
	Zellwanddicke		cell-wall thickness										
			cell-lumen size										
	Zellgre		cell size										
  (fire history) Defect in the lower bole of a tree resulting from a\
  wound where healing has not re-established the normal cross-\
  section. (SAFGLO 16)\
			catface										
  A radioactive isotope of carbon with mass 14. (SWL)\
	Radiokarbon	14 C	carbon 14 = radiocarbon, n.										
			cambial cell division										
			cambial activity										
  (radiocarbon dating) Calibrated age of radiocarbon-dated sam-\
  ple, expressed in range of calendar years AD or BC or in range\
  of calendar years BP.  (SWL)\
			calibration range										
  (radiocarbon dating) Synonym of "calibration range"?\
			calibration interval										
  (radiocarbon dating) Conversion of 14C years before present\
  (BP) into calendar years before present or into calendar years\
  AD or BC. (SWL)\
	Kalibrierung		calibration										
  (dendroclimatology) 1) The phase of dendroclimatic *reconstruc-\
  tion in which a model of the relationship between *annual rings\
  (the *predictors) and climatic factors (the *predictands) is\
  constructed typically by some form of simple or multiple linear\
  *regression analysis. This model is also known as a *transfer\
  function (FRITTS, 1976). (SCHWTR 90)\
  2) The process of obtaining a *transfer function or *response\
  function which can be used to estimate one or more *predictand\
  variables from a set of *predictors. (FRITRC 532)\
			calibration										
  (dendroarchaeology) Adjective indicating reference to a terres-\
  trial calendar. (JSD)\
			calendrical										
  (dendroarchaeology) An event used to establish a link between a\
  *dated event and a *target event. (JSDAAM 228)\
			bridging event										
  On standing trees, a standard height from ground level for\
  recording diameter, girth, or basal area. In Europe and most of\
  the Commonwealth, taken  at 4ft 3in (1.30 m), elsewhere at 4ft\
  6in (1.37 m). (FORTER)\
			breast height   abbr. b.h.										
  A device added between the operator's chest and the *increment\
  borer to ensure that the latter penetrates the tree *stem in a\
  straight line. (SCHWTR 42)\
			borer support   =increment borer starter (RKA)										
  To pierce the *stem of a tree, usually with an *increment\
  borer, in order to remove an *increment core.\
	bohren	beproben	bore (to)       core (to), t.v.										
  (radiocarbon dating) Twenty consecutive tree rings. Successive\
  groups of twenty consecutive tree rings. (SWL)\
			bi-decadal										
  The area in square meters of the cross-section of a tree *stem\
  near, generally at *breast height and inclusive of *bark.\
  (FORTER, CAFOIC)\
			basal area      abbr. b.a.										
  All the tissues outside the *vascular cambium. (FRITRC 58)\
	Borke		bark										
  Definition welcome!\
			autoregressive model										
  A *regression in which one value in a *time series is regressed\
  upon one or more variables which precede it in time. (FRITRC 532)\
	Autoregression		autoregression										
  The result of computing the *autocorrelation coefficients from\
  one to a prescribed number of lags and then *plotting these\
  coefficients as a function of lag. (FRITRC 532)\
			autocorrelation function        =*serial correlation, abbrev. ACF										
  A measure of similarity within a *time series with a time lag\
  of n years, describing serial dependence or association in this\
  time series with previous conditions or states. (SCHWTR 84,\
  FRITRC 532)\
			autocorrelation coefficient  =serial correlation coefficient, n.										
  (dendroclimatology) AutoRegressive Moving Average. Defines\
  analyses conducted using the Box-Jenkins class of time series\
  models whereby relationships are defined as being either au-\
  toregressive of order p [AR(p)], moving average of order q\
  [MA(q)], or a combination of both [ARMA(p, q)].\
			ARMA analysis										
  A method which determines the last time the temperature of a\
  clay object exceeded a critical point on the basis of the\
  orientation of magnetic particles in the clay. (JSDAAM 226)\
			archaeomagnetism										
  The tissue at the tip ("apex") of *stems and roots, composed of\
  small, thin-walled cells which are capable of dividing and\
  *differentiating into the various tissues of the *stem and\
  root. (FRITRC 532)\
	Apikalmeristem		apical meristem										
  Cross section of an *annual growth layer. (DFM)\
	Jahrring	Zuwachsring	annual ring     =annual growth ring, n., tree ring, n.										
  A *growth layer produced  in one year. In cross-section, ap-\
  pears as an *annual ring. (FORTER)\
			annual growth layer     =annual layer, n. (FORTER)										
  A statistical procedure for measuring the variation in the\
  growth within the tree *stem attributable to different sources,\
  and assessing the relative importance of these sources. (FRITRC\
  282, 531)\
  A statistical technique that compares the significance of a\
  model by testing the amount of variability in a predictand\
  variable explained by one or more predictor variables. This\
  last definition particularly applies to the calibration phase\
  in climate reconstructions from tree-ring series. (HDGM)\
	Varianzanalyse	ANOVA	analysis of variance    abbrev. ANOVA										
  All the *xylem outside the core of *juvenile wood, the cells in\
  general having reached their maximum dimensions and structural\
  development.\
			adult wood      #mature wood, n., #outer wood, n. (FORTER)										
  (dendroarchaeology) Absolute placement is based on standard\
  time scales with fixed units of magnitude. (JSDAAM 226)\
			absolute placement										
  A set of ring-width series or other ring parameters that have\
  been *crossdated, and dated against a dated series. (TREMWS 739)\
	Absolute Chronologie		absolute chronology     =absolute dated chronology (FHS)										
  A reduction of growth or recovery visually conspicuous within\
  an individual ring sequence. (DENIDE 36)\
	abrupte Zuwachsnderung		abrupt growth change										
  The dark, inner layer of *xylem which, in the growing tree, has\
  ceased to contain living ray cells. (FORTER)\
			heartwood       #[Australia] truewood, n., #heart, n., ?duramen, n.										
  *Fuels of large diameter (usually three inches or more; e.g.,\
  *snags, *logs, large branchwood, peat) that ignite and burn\
  more slowly than *fine fuels. (SAFGLO 61)\
			heavy fuels     = coarse fuels, pl. n. (SAFGLO 61)										
  (dendroarchaeology) The temporal interval between a *reference\
  event and a *target event. (JSDAAM 229)\
	Hiatus		hiatus										
  *Fire scar in a tree resulting from fire injury to the cambium\
  without desctruction of the overlying bark and therefore not\
  readily discernible.\
			hidden fire scar    =buried fire scar, n. (TSW)										
  A fire regime with frequent fires. (TSW)\
			high-frequency fire regime										
  All variations in a time series such as *ring width that are of\
  shorter duration than a given number of years (representing\
  cycles and other variations with wavelengths or durations of\
  this number of years or less). (FRITRC 538)\
			high-frequency variance										
  Sequence of weights used to emphasize the short-term or high-\
  frequency variations. (SCHWTR 86)\
			high-pass filter										
  The use of video and computer technology to obtain measurements\
  of ring features, cell features and wood density. (HCF)\
	Bildverarbeitung		image analysis										
  The increase in girth, diameter, *basal area, height, volume,\
  quality or value of individual trees or crops. (FORTER)\
	Zuwachs		increment       =*growth, [USA] accretion, n.										
  An auger-like instrument with a hollow bit and an extractor,\
  used to extract thin *increment cores from tree *stems. (FORTER)\
	Zuwachsbohrer		increment borer increment corer, n. (FRITRC), borer, n. (DENIDE)										
  Thin radial cylinder of wood extracted from the *stem of a tree\
  by an *increment borer.\
			increment core =core, n.										
  (dendroclimatology) Data not used for *calibration, which can\
  be used as *verification of *reconstructions. Verification is\
  established when the *estimates from the independent *predictor\
  set resemble the *predictands of the independent data set.\
  (FRITRC 538)\
			independent data										
  (dendroarchaeology) A date derived by methods that are totally\
  independent of archaeological context and systematics. (JSDAAM\
  226)\
			independent date										
  A plot of ring-width or other parameters indices plotted as a\
  function of time. (HCF)\
	Index-Kurve		indexed curve										
			innermost ring										
			insect outbreak										
  Number of intervals of the same data displaying the same tend-\
  ency in several curves, expressed as percentage of ascending\
  intervals (100% can be produced only by a rise, 0% indicates\
  that all the intervals are falling). (SCHWTR 83)\
			interval trend  =interval percentage, n. (SCHWTR)										
  Crossdating within the same tree, i.e. between branches, por-\
  tions of main stem or root. (HCF)\
			intradating										
  In young trees or in tissues located near the *stem apex, an\
  inner core of *xylem surrounding the *pith, in which the cells\
  are low in density, smaller and/or less structurally developed\
  than those of the outer xylem or older part of the stem.  (FORTER)\
			juvenile wood   =core, n., =core wood, n., #immature wood, n., #juvenile core, n., #pith wood, n.										
  (dendroclimatology) The Kalman filter provides a means of\
  simultaneously reducing a number of series to a single chronol-\
  ogy and generating climate-based *predictions. Furthermore, it\
  allows the climatic data to be modeled dynamically so that its\
  effect over time can be studied, providing a test of the\
  *uniformitarian principle. (DEUREP 58)\
			Kalman filter										
  Gnarled and stunted tree or group of trees which grow in ex-\
  posed sites usually near the upper elevational tree line.  (FRITRC 538)\
	Krummholz		krummholz										
  For statistical purposes, a fire burning more than a specified\
  area of land (e.g., 300 acres). (SAFGLO 73)\
			large fire										
  The last one third of *earlywood produced within a ring prior\
  to formation of *latewood-type cells. (TSW)\
			late earlywood										
  Dense and often dark wood produced in the *annual ring during\
  the later part of the *growing season, characterized by small,\
  thick-walled cells in gymnosperms or fibers in angiosperms.  (FRITRC 538)\
			latewood        =late wood, n., #summer wood, n., #autumn wood, n.										
  Very thin, narrow strip of wood cut from *increment cores or\
  from *stem *discs, perpendicular to the direction of the fi-\
  bers. (SCHWTR 60)\
			lath										
  A numerical method for *fitting a function, such as a straight\
  line, to a set of data in such a way that the sum of squares of\
  the *residuals (difference between actual and estimated values)\
  is minimized. (FRITRC 538)\
			least squares   ordinary least squares (abbrev. OLS)										
  *Latewood zone with conspicuously little lignification, prefer-\
  ably in trees at northern and subalpine timberlines. (DENIDE 13)\
			light ring										
  *Wildfire caused directly or indirectly by lightning. (SAFGLO 75)\
			lightning fire										
  A material added to the thickening walls of living xylem cells\
  after cell enlargement has ceased, which gives wood its hard-\
  ness and increases its density. (FRITRC 538)\
			lignin										
  Plant growth is always controlled by some kind of limiting\
  factor, which may be external (water, temperature, light,\
  carbon dioxide, oxygen, soil minerals...) or internal (avail-\
  able minerals, growth regulators, enzyme, water...). A biologi-\
  cal process, such as growth, cannot proceed faster than is\
  allowed by the most limiting factor.  (FRITRC 11, FRIQR 424)\
	begrenzender Faktor		limiting factor     =limiting condition, n.										
  All variations in ring width that last longer than a given\
  number of years (representing cycles and other variations with\
  wavelengths or durations greater than this number of years).  (FRITRC 538)\
			low-frequency variance										
  Sequence of weights used to retain only the long-term or low-\
  frequency variations. (FRITRC 269)\
			low-pass filter										
  (dendroarchaeology) A date that seems likely to occur and recur\
  in the archaeological record. (MGLBWA 233)\
			marker date										
  Chronology or *mean chronology constructed for a given area by\
  overlapping, superimposing or averaging overlapping ring-width\
  series, and used to date new ring-width series.\
			master chronology										
  Chronology of fire dates constructed from the fire scar infor-\
  mation derived from all samples within a collection site.\
			master fire chronology										
  Specific radiocarbon activity fluctuation around AD 1645-1710.\
			Maunder minimum wiggle  =Maunder minimum, n.										
  (general statistics) Sum of values divided by the number of\
  items summed.\
	Mittel		mean    =arithmetic mean, n., =arithmetic average, n.										
  Standardized *ring-width indices averaged  from a number of\
  trees sampled from a particular site which can be used for\
  *crossdating and deducing past climate. (FRITRC)\
			mean chronology         =chronology, =mean standardized indices										
  Arithmetic average of all fire intervals determined, in years,\
  in a designated area during a specified time period; size of\
  the area and the time period must be specified. (SAFGLO 81)\
			mean fire interval      abbr. MFI, = mean fire-free interval, = mean fire-return interval										
  Mean percentage change from each measured yearly ring value to\
  the next." (DOUGLASS, 1936, in  FRITRC 258); that is, the\
  average relative difference from one *ring width to the next.  (FRITRC 539)\
			mean sensitivity										
  A plant tissue composed of small thin-walled cells that are\
  capable of dividing. Meristematic tissue is found in all buds,\
  root tips, and growing regions including the *cambia. (FRITRC 539)\
	Meristem		meristem										
  In radiodensitometry, device used for the measurement of opti-\
  cal density of an X-ray film. The film of the radiographed\
  samples rests on a movable table which passes over a light\
  source with a slit-shaped aperture. The light signals of vary-\
  ing intensity are transformed by a potentiometer into electri-\
  cal impulses. These in turn activate a strip-chart recorder. A\
  magnetic storage unit registers selected values. (SCHWTR 66)\
			microdensitometer       =densitometer, n.										
  Tree-ring measuring device.\
			micrometer      =Henson bench, n. (team-specific term?)										
  Position of a feature within the second one third of *earlywood\
  cells produced during the growing season of a tree. (TSW)\
			mid-earlywood										
  An *annual ring which is discontinuous around the *stem due to\
  failure of cambial initiation, so that it is absent along\
  certain radii. (FRITRC 538)\
	fehlender Jahrring		missing ring    =discontinuous ring, n., partial ring, n., absent ring, n., locally absent ring, n., w [CA] incomplete ring, n.										
  To prepare the *increment cores by glueing them into a pre-\
  grooved wooden block using glue and holding them together until\
  they have fully dried, before cutting them into *laths or\
  polishing their surface with sandpaper. (SCHWTR 43)\
			mount (to)										
  The *correlation coefficient calculated from a *multiple re-\
  gression relationship. (FRITRC 539)\
			multiple correlation										
  A *regression involving more than one *predictor variable. The\
  multiple regression coefficients describe the relative effect\
  of each predictor variable upon the *predictand, attempted to\
  adjust for the intercorrelations between the predictor varia-\
  bles. (FRITRC 539)\
			multiple regression										
  *Annual ring consisting of two (=double ring) or more *growth\
  layers, the intermediate one(s) being *false rings. (FORTER)\
			multiple ring										
  (dendroclimatology) A method for *calibration of the ring-width\
  data with climatic variation which allows simultaneous calibra-\
  tion of a variety of tree-ring data representing different\
  sites with a number of variables of climate. (FRIQR 419)\
			multivariate analysis										
  Any area where lack of flammable material obstructs the spread\
  of wildfires. (SAFGLO 85)\
	Natrliche Ausbreitungsgrenze		natural barrier										
  Any fire of natural origin (e.g., *lightning, spontaneous\
  combustion, volcanic activity) which is allowed to burn because\
  it is accomplishing one or more resource management objectives.  (SAFGLO 86)\
			natural fire										
			net photosynthesis										
  The random, *residual, or background variation in a *time\
  series that cannot be attributed to a detectable quality,\
  pattern, or variation. (FRITRC 540)\
	Rauschen		noise										
  (dendroarchaeology) A noncutting date, which comes from a\
  sample that has lost an unknown number of outer rings, precedes\
  the death of the tree by an unknown number of years. (RVNAAA 632)\
			noncutting date										
  The *correlation of each value in a *time series with the value\
  of its predecessor with a time lag of n years.\
			nth-order autocorrelation										
  Last-formed *annual ring before felling, sampling, or death of the cambium.\
			outermost ring										
  An index incorporating precipitation, temperature, photoperiod,\
  and soil conditions used as a means of expressing the severity\
  (or non-severity) of drought. (HDGM)\
			Palmer Drought Severity Index =abbr. PDSI										
  (dendroarchaeology) (definition welcome!)\
			patterning										
  Term used in reference to a group of trees, expressing the\
  number of trees being in a contemporaneous reduction or release\
  period after an *abrupt growth change. (DENIDE 20)\
			period frequency										
  A tissue *differentiated externally, i.e. on the *bark side,\
  from the *phellogen in a *stem or root. (FORTER)\
			phellem cork, n. (non-technical)										
  A tissue produced internally, i.e. on the *pith side, by the\
  *phellogen. (FORTER)\
			phelloderm										
  The *meristem that produces the *periderm by laying down\
  *phellem on its *bark side and *phelloderm on its *pith side.\
  (FORTER)\
			phellogen       =cork cambium, n.										
  The tissues of the inner bark, derived from the cambium, serv-\
  ing for the transport of elaborate foodstuffs. (FORTER)\
	Phloem		phloem										
	Photosynthese		photosynthesis										
  The central core of a *stem, consisting of storage tissue with\
  unlignified cell walls.  (FORTER)\
			pith    =heart center, ?medulla										
  (dendroarchaeology) The date of the center ring on a wood\
  sample. As the sample may come from any part of the tree, the\
  pith date may be considerably later than the actual germination\
  of the tree. (JSD)\
			pith date										
  To represent (an equation) by means of a curve so constructed.\
			plot (to)										
  Cross-dated intervals (between two adjacent years) in which a\
  significant proportion of the studied *tree-ring series show\
  the same conspicuous upward or downward trend in a group of\
  trees (formerly termed "*pointer year"). (DENIDE 37)\
			pointer interval										
  *Event value in one and the same year in many individuals of a\
  group of trees. (DENIDE 37)\
			pointer value										
  Concentration of cross-dated *event years within a group of\
  trees. (DENIDE 37)\
			pointer year										
  (dendroclimatology) In a statistical system, actual data (e.g.\
  ring-width index, or climatic measurements) to which the sta-\
  tistical *estimates from the calibration are compared. (FRITRC 318)\
			predictand										
  (dendroclimatology) *Estimates of conditions or data, not\
  necessarily made for the future or forward in time. (FRITRC 542)\
			prediction										
  (dendroclimatology) The input variable or variables of a sys-\
  tem, values of which are used to obtain *prediction (*esti-\
  mates, *reconstructions) of the *predictands. (FRITRC 541)\
			predictor										
  First-formed *phloem, differentiated from an *apical meristem.  (FORTER)\
			primary phloem										
  First formed *xylem, differentiated from an *apical meristem.\
			primary xylem										
  A set of orthogonal variables which are transformations repre-\
  senting the modes of uncorrelated behavior of a data set.  (FRITRC 535)\
			principal component										
  (dendroarchaeology) The archaeological context of a wood sam-\
  ple: site, room, roof, etc. (JSD)\
	Herkunft		provenience										
  (dendroclimatology) A substitute record for climatic condi-\
  tions, flood events, landslides, fire occurrence, etc. Proxy\
  records include e.g.  pioneer journals, pollen counts, varve\
  widths as well as tree rings.\
			proxy record										
  The radiocarbon concentration of a sample. Expressed as decays\
  per minute per gram carbon or as percent of the radiocarbon\
  activity of modern carbon (percent modern carbon).\
			radiocarbon activity										
  The determination of the age of old carbonaceous materials by\
  means of the measured content of *carbon 14.  (SWL)\
	Radiokarbon-Datierung	14 C-Datierung	radiocarbon dating      =carbon-14 dating, n., =carbon dating, n.										
  Reduced carbon-14 activity of one sample in relation to anoth-\
  er. (SWL)\
			radiocarbon depletion										
  Increased carbon-14 activity of one sample in relation to\
  another.  (SWL)\
			radiocarbon enrichment										
  (Dated by means of the *radiocarbon dating method. (SWL)\
			radiocarbon-dated										
  A method for measuring *wood density by:\
  - X-raying *laths cut out from *increment cores or *stem discs\
  together with a calibration wedge on a  film;\
  - measuring the optical density of the film with a *microdensi-\
  tometer, *plotting the complete annual ring density curve, and\
  registering the main *annual ring parameters. (POLPER 2, SCHWTR 58-69)\
			radiodensitometry       =densitometry, n.										
  The *increment of growth, height, or volume of individual trees\
  or crops per unit of time. (FORTER)\
			rate of increment       #*increment, net increment										
  Anomalous cells formed in the *xylem of leaning stems and\
  lateral branches, often associated with an eccentric growth\
  ring. (FRITRC 542)\
			reaction wood										
  (dendroclimatology) Inference of past conditions or events from\
  various types of proxy evidence, especially those from well-\
  dated and replicated *ring-width chronologies. (FRITRC 542)\
			reconstruction  =retrodiction, n.										
  (dendroclimatology) Statistical *estimate of past conditions or\
  events derived from various types of evidence, especially those\
  from well-dated and replicated *ring-width chronologies.\
  (FRITRC 542)\
			reconstruction										
			recovery										
  (general statistics) The difference between the *variance of a\
  data set and the *residual variance; for example, variance\
  reduced by *regression or by *principal components of the data\
  set. (FRITRC 545)\
			reduced variance        =calibrated variance, n., =explained variance, n.										
  (dendroarchaeology) The potentially datable event that is most\
  closely related to the phenomenon to which the date is to be\
  applied. (JSDAAM 228)\
			reference event										
  A general statistical term often represented by an equation\
  which describes relationships where the values of one or more\
  variables are expressed as a function of other variables.\
  (FRITRC 542)\
	Regression		regression										
  (dendroarchaeology) The positioning of sequential events in the\
  order of their occurrence. (JSDAAM 225)\
			relative placement										
  (dendroarchaeology) The degree to which the tree-ring date (or\
  other) is applicable to the target event. (JSDAAM 229)\
			relevance										
  (fire history) Subfossil or non-living tree-ring material. (TSW)\
			remnant =remnant material, n. (CHBCJF 1559)										
  Sampling more than one stem radius per tree, as well as from\
  more than one tree, in order to improve the information content\
  in a chronology. Replication within trees allows statistical\
  comparisons of variability within the same tree as compared\
  with variability between trees and between groups of trees.  (HCF)\
			replication     [USA] repetition, n.										
  The difference between a *predictand and an *estimate obtained\
  by applying a given function to the data set. The residuals\
  represent the *noise of the system and any *signal not account-\
  ed for by the functional relationship. (FRITRC 317, 542)\
			residual										
  Long, narrow, intercellular channel in conifers surrounded by\
  parenchyma and filled with resin. (FRITRC 542)\
			resin duct      =resin canal, [USA]# gum duct										
  (dendroclimatology) Response function analysis is a multiple\
  regression technique using the principal components (PCs) of\
  monthly climatic data to estimate indexed values of ring-width\
  growth. The regression coefficients* are then multiplied by the\
  PCs of climate to obtain a new set of regression coefficients\
  related to the original monthly climatic data variables.\
  (FRITRB 31)\
			response function										
  (dendroarchaeology) Refers to a log salvaged from an older\
  context and used in a more recent one. (JSD)\
			reuse										
  Width of an *annual ring.\
			ring width      ring thickness, n.										
			ring-porous species										
  The transformed value of a *ring width after *standardization.\
			ring-width index        growth index, n.										
  A set of *ring widths *plotted as a function of time. (FRITRC 544)\
			ring-width series										
	Wurzelwachstum		root growth										
  Ring-width average for a given number of successive rings, the\
  sequence being moved ahead by one year each time the average is\
  computed. Each average is assigned to the year of the central\
  ring in the sequence.  (FRITRC 269)\
			running mean    =moving average, n. (FRITRC)										
  Number of sampled trees. (Better definition welcome!)\
			sample depth										
  The outher layers of *xylem which, in the growing tree, contain\
  living ray cells with stored food reserves. (FORTER, HCF)\
			sapwood ?alburnum, n., #sap, n.										
  *Phloem formed by the *vascular cambium. (FORTER)\
			secondary phloem										
  *Xylem produced by a *vascular cambium.\
			secondary xylem =secondary wood, n. (FORTER)										
  Presence of ring-width variability in the radial direction\
  within a tree which is assumed to indicate that the *growth\
  response of this particular tree is "sensitive" to variations\
  in climate.\
			sensitivity										
  A count of agreement or disagreement between signs, plus or\
  minus, for two series of numbers and the statistic test used to\
  determine whether the number of agreements is significantly\
  different from the number of disagreements. (FRITRC 543)\
			sign test										
  A detectable quality, pattern, or variation in a *time series\
  such as *ring widths which can be attributed to meaningful\
  information on climate, environment, biological, or other\
  conditions limiting ring width growth. (FRITRC 543)\
			signal										
			signal-to-noise ratio										
  1) A sequence of *pointer years or *pointer intervals.  (DENIDE\
  20) (European usage)\
  2) A sequence or set of tree-ring patterns whose crossdating\
  relationship is distinct and unique enough to make it easily\
  identifiable. (RKA) (American usage)\
			signature										
  (Ecological usage) An area considered in terms of its environ-\
  ment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of\
  the vegetation the area can carry. (FORTER)\
			site    approx. =habitat, n. (FORTER)										
  (Dendrochronological usage) The area from which a group of tree\
  cores were sampled. (HCF)\
			site    approx. =plot, n.										
  Selection of *annual ring samples from limiting sites to maxi-\
  mize the information or *signal contained in the annual rings\
  and to minimize the undesirable variations representing *noise.\
  (FRITRC 543)\
	Standortauswahl		site selection										
  Method consisting in visually examining a tree-ring sequence\
  before any actual measurement is made, *plotting its outline or\
  skeleton, highlighting only the very narrow rings, sometimes\
  adding other relevant information (presence of insect galler-\
  ies, of *bark, of *pith...). (SCHWTR 50)\
			skeleton plot										
  Biological growth function fitted to a *ring-width series.\
  Typical forms are exponential linear curves, (high-order)\
  polynomial spline, filter, Hughushoff function, and *running\
  means. (SCHWTR 86, HCF)\
			smoothing function										
  Standing dead tree or standing portion from which at least the\
  leaves and smaller branches have fallen. (SAFGLO 115)\
			snag										
  A conventional term for both the timber and the trees belonging\
  to the botanical group Gymnospermae. (FORTER)\
			softwood										
  The mean scatter of a population of numbers from the population\
  *mean. The square root of the *variance. (FRITRC)\
	Standardabweichung		standard deviation										
  An estimate of how much a particular statistic of a sampled\
  population, such as the *mean, can vary from its "true" theo-\
  retical value based on the entire population as represented by\
  the *statistical universe. (FRITRC 543)\
	Standardfehler		standard error										
  Removing long-term variations which have theoretically been\
  caused by bio-ecological factors (such as tree age and micros-\
  ite differences) and their conversion to a time series of\
  *ring-width indices.\
			standardization indexing, n., [Commonwealth] standardisation, n.										
  A time-series sequence of *ring-width indices averaged from a\
  number of trees.\
			standardized ring-width chronology										
  (dendroclimatology) The location where a meteorological record\
  has been accumulated. It reflec ts the site of thermometers and\
  rain gauges, etc. Usually it is a very local area selected to\
  characterize the weather for the region (clearing in a forest\
  or at an airport). (HCF)\
	Klimastation		station										
  A theoretical term referring to an entire population including\
  all data, as opposed to the subset of that population repre-\
  sented by a sample. Since entire populations can rarely be\
  measured, statistics derived from samples are used to estimate\
  the theoretical values of entire populations. (FRITRC 544)\
			statistical universe										
  The principal axis of a plant, from which buds and shoots\
  develop. (FORTER)\
	Stamm		stem										
  The analysis of a complete tree *stem by counting and measuring\
  the *growth rings on a series of *stem discs taken at different\
  heights, in order to determine its past *rates of increment and\
  dynamics of tree growth. (FORTER, HCF)\
			stem analysis										
  Cross section of a *stem.\
	Zuwachsscheibe		stem disc       cross-section, n., disc, n.										
  *Multiple regression procedure in which the *predictors best\
  correlated with the *predictands are selected and added in\
  successive steps (starting with 1) to the regression as long as\
  the *residual variance is reduced by a significant amount.\
  (FRITRC 344)\
			stepwise multiple regression										
  Subdivision of a population into strata, each of which is more\
  homogeneous in respect of the variable being measured than the\
  population as a whole. (FORTER)\
			stratification										
  The depletion in radiocarbon of wood from the last 100 years\
  when compared with pre-industrial (i.e. pre-AD 1890) wood.  (PEDBAR 65)\
			Suess effect    =industrial effect, n.										
  (dendroarchaeology) The event to which the date is to be ap-\
  plied by the chronometrician or other scientist. (JSDAAM 228)\
			target event										
  *Reaction wood which in angiosperm species occurs on the upper\
  side of the leaning *stems and lateral branches. (FRITRC 544)\
			tension wood										
			terminal branch										
  (dendroarchaeology) Dates determined by time placement are\
  expressed as intervals (rather than points) on a scale of\
  temporal measurement. (JSDAAM 225)\
			time placement										
  A set of data representing a regular sequence of occurrences or\
  events which may be plotted as a function of time. (FRITRC 544)\
			time series										
  (dendroclimatology) A set of coefficients applied to *ring-\
  width index values to obtain *estimates of climate, or stream-\
  flow. Growth records are "transferred" into *reconstructions or\
  statistical estimates of the dependent factor used in calibra-\
  tion. (FRITRC 544)\
			transfer function										
  A zone of traumatic tissue produced by an injured *vascular\
  cambium. (FORTER)\
			traumatic zone  #traumatic ring, n. (FORTER)										
  Extremely *low-frequency variance with wavelengths which are\
  greater than the length of the *time series. (FRITRC 544)\
			trend										
  (dendroarchaeology)\
			tubular borer										
  Orthogonal, independent (variables e.g.).\
			uncorrelated										
	nicht datierbar		undatable										
  (ecology) Applied to *dendrochronology, this principle implies\
  that the physical and biological  processes which link today's\
  environment with today's variations in tree growth must have\
  been in operation in the past. It is the fundamental justifica-\
  tion for the use of dendrochronology to infer past conditions.\
  (FRITRC 14, DEUREP 58)\
			uniformitarian principle										
  (general statistics) The square of the mean scatter of a sta-\
  tistical population of numbers from the population *mean. The\
  square of the *standard deviation. (FRITRC 545)\
	Varianz		variance										
  Thin layer of *meristematic tissue that lies between, and gives\
  rise by active division to, *secondary xylem on the inside and\
  *secondary phloem on the outside, i.e. to wood and the inner-\
  most living bark. (FORTER, FRITRC 545)\
			vascular cambium        cambium, n. (FORTER)										
  (dendroclimatology) The proof of validity of results by compar-\
  ing actual *independent climatic data (withheld from *calibra-\
  tion analysis) to *reconstructions of climate. Verification is\
  established when the *estimates derived from the independent\
  *predictor set resemble the independent *predictand set more\
  than would be expected by chance. (FRITRC 320-321, 545)\
			verification										
			vessel										
			wall thickness										
	Wasserhaushalt		water budget										
	Wasserverlust		water loss										
			water uptake										
  Partial cross-section taken from the bole of a tree. (TWS)\
			wedge sample    =wedge section, n.										
  Variation of the abundance of radiocarbon in atmospheric carbon\
  dioxide on a time scale of one decade to a few centuries within\
  an amplitude of a few percent of the average radiocarbon activ-\
  ity. (PEDBAR 66)\
	wiggle		wiggle  =wriggle, n., =secular variations, n.										
  Curve representing smoothed, best-fit line to radiocarbon\
  production through time as measured in tree rings.  (SWL)\
			wiggle curve										
  Any fire occurring on wildland that is not meeting management\
  objectives and thus requires a suppression response. (SAFGLO 136)\
			wildfire										
  The tree may be thought of as a "window" of filter, which, by\
  means of the physiological processes, passes and converts a\
  certain climatic or environmental input into a certain ring-\
  width output. (FRIQR 436)\
			window										
			wood density										
			wood structure										
  The water-conducting tissue of plants which makes up the wood\
  cylinder of a tree inside the *bark and surrounding the *pith.  (FRITRC 545)\
	Xylem		xylem   =wood s.s. (FORTER)										
	Wrgeboden												
Rhythmisch geschichtete, tonige Ablagerungen der groen eiszeitlichen Schmelzwasserseen. Ihre Zusammensetzung und ihr Aussehen geht auf rhythmischen Klimawechsel und dadurch bedingte rhythmische Stoffzufuhr zurck.\
	Warven												
Vordringen des Meeres ber grere Gebiete des Festlands.\
	Transgression												
(amerikan.) Glazigenes Gestein, mu vom Gletscher in irgeneiner Formneu hergestellt worden sein.\
	till												
Felsburg, engl. cairn (= Hnengrab), durch Verwitterung gerundeter\
anstehender Fels, oft in Wollscke aufgelst, auf --> Altiplana-\
tionsterrassen.\
	Thor												
Karst, der durch Aufheizung entstanden ist.\
	Thermokarst												
	Targui												
Frostbedingter Hangabtrag.\
gebundene Solifluktion: Vegetation auf dem Hang vorhanden.\
freie Solifluktion: keine Vegetation vorhanden.\
	Solifluktion												
Schluff, mineralisches Material zwischen 2 und 63 m Durchmesser.\
	silt												
Seereiche Tler.\
	Rosenkranztler												
Gebirgssporn zwischen zwei Tlern.\
	Riedel												
Rckzug des Meeres vom Festland.\
	Regression												
Oberflchengestalt, im Prinzip einschlielich Bewuchs.\
	Physiographie												
Geneigte Hangfuflche, die vom flieenden Wasser durch Erosion und\
Akkumulation geschaffen wird; gibt es nur in Trockengebieten. Pedimente grenzen an das Gebirge ganz unmittelbar mit Steilanstiegen.\
	Pediment												
Von einer Patina, also einer festen, meist glnzenden Verwitterungskruste berzogen.\
	patiniert												
(griech.) Knochenkunde\
	Osteologie												
In der Regel keltische, befestigte, groe Siedlung; meist mit Herrensitz. Mu nicht dauernd besiedelt gewesen sein, kann auch als Fiehburg benutzt worden sein. Also mehrere Oppidatypen. \
	Oppidum												
Nische, Steilform im Hang, an der Schnee lange liegenbleibt, so da\
hier Frostverwitterung besonders gut angreifen kann und Hangverflachungen herstellen kann, die schsselfrmig in den Hang greifen.\
	Nivationsnische												
Verkrautete Tler.\
	Naledi												
Tonmineral\
	Montmorillonit												
(griech.) Lehre vom menschlichen Schdel\
	Kraniologie												
Parallele Lagerung zweier Gesteinsverbnde zueinander \
(Gegenteil: --> Diskordanz)\
	Konkordanz												
Wissenschaft von der Fruchtgestalt.\
	Karpologie												
Tonmimeral\
	Kaolinit												
= Yesso = Hokkaido\
	Jesso												
Ein heller Glimmer.\
	Illit												
Unterbrechung der Ablagerung; kann primr sein, d.h. Unterbrechung in der Sedimentation oder sekundr durch inzwischen erfolgten Abtrag.\
Mehrzahl: Hiaten oder lat. Hiatus (mit gedehnt gesprochenem u).\
	Hiatus												
	Oberes Schichtglied <--> liegend: unteres Schichtglied.												
	hangend												
	Gydatundra												
Terrassen an Kuppen (= russ. Golec/Mz. Golci = Kahlkopf), die ber die\
Waldgrenze aufragen, wodurch die Flanken dieser Kuppen gestuft\
erscheinen. Vorkommen der Terrassen besonders in Gebirgen Sibiriens.\
Gre der Terrassen: wenige m bis einige 10 m breit, bis zu mehreren\
100 m lang. Die  ebene Terrassen-Oberflche besteht aus einer Schicht\
steinigen Lehms oder Frostschutt, begrenzt von oft steilen Felsabstr-\
zen. Die Golec-Terrassen entstehen durch Frost und Solifluktionsvor-\
gnge an --> Nivationsnischen.\
	Golec-Terrassen												
Vom Gletscher bewegtes und geformtes Gestein.\
	Geschiebe												
Vom Wasser transportiertes und gerundetes Gestein.\
	Gerll												
Bodenbildungsproze; Verwitterungserscheinung im anstehenden Gestein, wobei zapfenfrmige Auflsungserscheinungen des Gesteins entstehen, die mit Bodenmaterial aufgefllt werden.\
\
	Geologische Orgeln												
(amerikan.) Formation als zeitlicher Begriff, sedimentologisch kann\
das ganz verschieden sein.\
	formation												
berschwemmungsebene eines stets flieenden (perennierenden) Flusses.\
	floodplain												
1. (Geol.): Gesteine gleicher Genese, gleicher Entstehungsweise (enggefat), z.B. Hochenergiefazies, Dnenfazies.\
2. (Bot.): kleinste Einheit einer Pflanzengesellschaft. \
	Fazies												
Ortsfremder Gesteinsblock (allochton).\
Mehrzahl: Erratica, deutsch: Erratiker.\
	Erraticum												
Nach Ablagerung des Sediments gebildet <--> syngenetischer Eiskeil:\
mit Ablagerung des Sediments gebildet.\
	epigenetischer Eiskeil												
Pollengesellschaft, d.h. kein pflanzensoziologisch definierter\
Begriff. Im Englischen: Quercetum mixtum.\
	EMW = Eichenmischwald		Quercetum mixtum										
(amerikan.) Ganz neutraler Begriff einer Gesteinseinheit, die in Korngrenzusammensetzung sehr unterschiedlich, heterogen ist. Die Steine sind dabei nicht gut gerollt, sondern eher abgerundet eckig; die Grundmatrix ist feinkrnig.\
	drift												
Nicht parallele Lagerung zweier Gesteinsverbnde zueinander.\
	Diskordanz/diskordant												
Die flchenhafte Abtragung der Erdoberflche durch Wasser, Wind u.a.\
	Denudation (-->denudativ)												
Konische Ablagerung an der Mndung eines Fliegewssers in stehendes\
Gewsser, d.h. es handelt sich um eine Akkumulationsform.\
Bei einem Delta kommen drei verschiedene Sedimentformen vor (von unten\
nach oben):\
- bottom-set: horizontale Schichtung der Gerlle, Sande, Feinsande.\
- fore-set beds: mit ca. 30 geneigten Schichten eines Deltas, das    \
  sich in das stehende Gewsser vorschiebt.\
- top-set beds: Horizontale Dechschichten auf den fore-set beds.\
	Delta												
siehe unter Thor\
	cairn												
Groe Aufblhungshgel.\
	Bulgunjach												
Transgression des Meeres im Holstein-Interglazial.\
	Boreales Meer												
Hgel auf N-Hngen\
	Baidzarach												
Trichterfrmige Flumndung, die nicht vom Gletscher verursacht wurde.\
	stuar												
Entspringt im Gebiet <--> allochtones Tal: geht durch, kommt woanders her.\
	autochtones Tal												
(Nach Louis: Lehrbuch der Geomorphologie.)\
Gebirgsterrassen in Hochgebirgen von Mittelgebirgsformung (rund). Die Terrassen schlieen sich nicht zu Terrassen-Systemen zusammen, sind 2-5 nach auen geneigt und haben eine Breite und Lnge von einigen Zehnern bis zu einigen hundert Metern. Bergwrts schliet ein Steilhang an. Die Ebenheiten werden durch Solifluktion bedingt. Altiplanationsterrassen knnen ber die gesamte Bergoberflche verteilt sein. Auf den ehemaligen Bergkuppen bleiben dann nur noch einige Felsburgen\
(--> thors, cairns) brig.\
	Altiplanationsterrassen												
(lat.) affinis = verwandt\
	aff.												
	Dreifelderwirtschaft		three field system										
Mischwald von Buchen und Eichen				la fagoquercie									
Wirbel aus Mittelmeerwasser im Ostatlantik. Im Uhrzeigersinn rotierende Wasserlinsen mit Durchmessern von etwa 100 Kilometern, die durch ihre hohe Rotationsenergie vor schnellem Verfall geschtzt sind und relativ warmes salzreiches Wasser ber Entfernungen bis zu 1000 Kilometern in den Nordatlantik transportieren. 	Meddies (Meddy)	Mediterranean water eddies. Mittelmeerwasserwirbel	Meddies										
	TCT	Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae											
In kaltem Swasser gebildete, deutlich voneinander geschiedene Jahresschichten mit heller, sandiger Sommerschicht und dunkelbrauner Winterschicht aus fettem Ton.	diatakte Warven												
In Brackwasser abgelagerte, braune, weniger deutlich voneinander geschiedene Jahresschichten, deren Sommerschicht stark tonig ist.	symmikte Warven												
	Seespiegelschwankung			fluctuation lacustre									
ltestes Stadium der Letzten Eiszeit	Beresina-Stadium												
	Quartr							antropogenovych					
	Alga-Tone												
	Flachhgelmoore												
STRM	Aa	Aach, Ach(e), Achen	stream										
	Alb		mountain(s), ridge, hill(s), escarpment, upland										
HUT	Alm	Alp, Alpe(n), lpele, lpl, Hochalpe, Senne	alpine pasture with associated hut(s)										
	Au(e)		stream, section of a stream, channel, pasture										
STRM, DTCH	Bach	Bch(e)l, Bchle, Bchlein, Bke, Bal(l)je, Beck(e), Beek(e), Bek(e)	stream, ditch										
RSRT	Bad		resort										
RSTA	Bahnhof	Haltepunkt, Haltestelle	railroad station, railroad halt, railroad stop										
	Siel	Deichschleuse, Sieltief(e), Sielzug	sluice(way), ditch, canal, stream										
	Bank		bank										
	Bauerschaft		farm community										
	Bauertannen		forest, woods										
	Belt		strait										
HILL, HLLS, MT, MTS	Berg(e)	Alb, Berg(e)le, Bergland, Beu(e)l, Bichel, Brink(e), Buck(e), Buck(e)l, Bchel, Bh(e)l, Bhlkopf, Gebirge, Hocht, Hchst, Hhe, Hbel, Hgel	hill(s), mountain(s), slope, ridge, spur, upland, escarpment, cliff, bluff, dune										
SPRG	Brunn(en)	Born, Brnnlein, Brndl	spring(s), well										
WELL	Brunnen	Born, Brndl, Brnnlein	well										
	Brauschlag		forest, woods										
PTRE, BOG	Wiese(n)	Brok, Brook, Bruch, Matt, Weide	pasture(s), marsh, bog										
REGN	Gebiet	Gau	region										
MOOR, BOG, PTRE, SWMP	Moor	Bruch, Filz(e), Kolk, Moos, Ried(e), Venn(e)	marsh, moor, bog, pasture, swamp										
	Bundesrepublik		federal republic										
CSTL, FORT	Burg	Schloss, Schlssle	castle, fort										
ISL, ISLS	Insel	Hallig(en), Holm, Warder, Werder, Werth	island, island group										
FRST, GROV	Wald	Busch, G(e)hau, Gehege, Gehlz, Forst, Haardt, Hagen, Hain, Har(d)t, Hau, Holt, Holz(e), Hlzer, Horst, Loh(e), Neuhau, Schlag, Stauden, Strauch, Tann(e), Wldchen, Wldle, Waldung, Wohld, Zuschlag	forest, woods, grove										
REEF	Riff		reef, flat										
BAY, BGHT	Bucht	Busen	bay, bight										
DEPR, VAL	Deel		depression, valley										
LAKE, LAKS, POND, PONDS, LAGN	See(n)	Brake, Deep, Diek, Kuhle(n), Lagune, Lanke, Pfuhl, Schlatt, Suhl, Teich, Weiher	lake(s), section of lake, pond(s), lagoon; marsh, swamp; inlet, bay, cove										
	Domne		farm										
FARM, BLDG	Gut	Hof, Hfe, Hofgut, Hfle, Hft, Gehft	farm, building										
DUNE	Dne		dune										
PLN	Ebene		plain, upland, slope										
	Ecke	Egg(e)	mountain, hill, spur, peak, ridge, slope										
	Ee		channel										
	Enge		strait										
	Fhre	Fahrwasser, Farwasser	channel										
FLDS	Feld		field, pasture, plain										
FALL	Fall		waterfall										
GLCR	Gletscher	Ferner	glacier										
ROCK, RCKS	Fels	Stein(e)	rock, cliff, hill, mountain, peak, slope										
PLDR, eingedeichtes Land (Duden)	Polder	Grode(n), Koog	polder, pasture										
PEAK, PKS	Spitze	Hook, Horn, Hrn(d)l, Hrnle, Kapf, Kappe, Konck(eil), Kongl, Knuck(el), Kogel, Kopf, Kpfe, Kpfchen, Kpf(e)l, Kpfle, Kopp(e), Koppen, Kppl, Kulm, Kuppe(n), Kppel, Spitzl	peak, peaks, mountain, point, hill										
SLPE	Hang	Gehnge, Halde, Leite(n), Rangen, Ranken	slope, hill, mountainside										
RDGE	Grat	First, Kamm, Nack(en), Rain, Riegel, Rcken, Scheid, Schneid, Schrofen	ridge, hill, bank										
PASS	Pass	Joch, Scharte, Trl	pass, mountain										
GRGE, RAVN	Klamm	Grund(e), Grndlein, Hohlweg, Klammerl, Klinge, Schacht, Schlucht, Tobel	gorge, valley, ravine										
SDLE	Sattel		saddle										
CLIF, CRAG	Klippe	Kliff, Wand, Wnde	cliff, crag, bluff, slope, hill, ridge, mountain										
CHAN, CNAL, DTCH, STRM	Fluss	Fleet, Fleth, Flett, Fleuth, Floss, Flotte, Gat(t), Gat(j)e, Graben, Kanal, Lach(e), Lake, Ley, Ohe, Schloot, Schlot(e), Schlott, Strom, Tief, Wasserlauf, Wasserlose, Waterloose, Wettern, Zug	stream, ditch, channel, canal										
All processes, which include melting, evaporation (sublimation), wind erosion, and calving (breaking off of ice masses), that remove snow or ice from a glacier or snowfield. The term also refers to the amount of snow or ice removed by these processes.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ablation (glacial)										
Shedding by a plant of its parts, such as leaves, flowers, fruits, or seeds. The process is regulated by the plant hormone abscisic acid.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			abscission										
A measure of the amount of radiant energy, incident normal to a planar surface, that is absorbed per unit distance or unit mass of a substance.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			absorption coefficient										
Change that occurs in an organism to allow it to tolerate a new environment.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			acclimation (acclimatization)										
All processes, which include snowfall, condensation, avalanching, snow transport by wind, and freezing of liquid water, that add snow or ice to a glacier, floating ice, or snow cover. The term also includes the amount of snow or other solid precipitation added to a glacier or snowfield by these processes.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			accumulation (glacial)										
The acid concentration in ice core layers as a function of depth as determined from electrical measurements. The magnitudes of some volcanic eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere have been estimated from the acidity of annual layers in ice cores taken in Greenland. This methodology is sometimes referred to as acidity signal or acidity record.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			acidity profile										
The adjustment of an organism or population to a new or altered environment through genetic changes brought about by natural selection.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			adaptation										
A thermodynamic change of state of a system such that no heat or mass is transferred across the boundaries of the system. In an adiabatic process, expansion always results in cooling, and compression in warming.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			adiabatic process										
See adiabatic process.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			adiabatic warming										
The predominately horizontal large-scale movement of air that causes changes in temperature or other physical properties. In oceanography, advection is the horizontal or vertical flow of sea water as a current.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			advection										
Particulate material, other than water or ice, in the atmosphere ranging in size from approximately 10x-3 to larger than 10x2 m in radius. Aerosols are important in the atmosphere as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, as participants in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and scatterers of solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate on the surface of the Earth.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			aerosol										
In meteorology, the process by which precipitation particles grow larger by collision or contact with cloud particles or other precipitation particles.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			agglomeration										
Active volcano 10,380 ft (3,141 m) high in Bali, Indonesia. Last eruption was in 1964.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Agung										
The portion of CO2 released from all energy consumption and land use activities that remains in the atmosphere as opposed to the amounts absorbed by plants and oceans. How the world's total carbon is partitioned among the oceanic, terrestrial, and atmospheric pools is determined by complex biogeochemical and climatological interactions.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			airborne fraction										
Total suspended matter found in the atmosphere as solid pieces or liquid droplets. Airborne particulates include windblown dust, emissions from industrial processes, smoke from the burning of wood and coal, and the exhaust of motor vehicles.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			airborne particulates										
A widespread body of in the atmosphere that gains certain meteorological or polluted characteristics while set in one location. The characteristics can change as it moves away.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			airmass										
The fraction of the total solar radiation incident on a body that is reflected by it.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			albedo										
An order of soils with a medium-to-high base supply, horizons of clay accumulation, and gray-brown surface horizons.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Alfisols										
Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in relative proportion to the amounts of nutrients available. They are food for fish and small aquatic animals.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			algae										
Sudden spurts of algal growth that can indicate potentially hazardous changes in local water chemistry.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			algal blooms										
A pressure- and temperature-independent property of seawater that determines in part the carbon content of seawater. Carbonate alkalinity is the sum of the concentration of bicarbonate plus two times the concentration of the carbonate ions. Total alkalinity is the amount of acid required to bring seawater to a pH at which all dis- solved inorganic carbon becomes freely exchangeable. The alkalinity of the oceans is determined with potentiometric or normal titration techniques that detect and measure the presence of bicarbonate, carbonate, and borate ions.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			alkalinity										
A period of high temperature, particularly the one from 8000 to 4000 B.P. (before the present era), which was apparently warmer in summers, as compared with the present, and with the precipitation zones shifted poleward. Also called the hypsithermal period.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			altithermal period										
Fish that spend their adult lives in the sea but swim upriver to freshwater spawning grounds to reproduce.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			anadromous										
A large-scale weather pattern of the past that is similar to a current situation in its essential characteristics.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			analog (climate)										
See ice sheet.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Antarctic Ice Sheet										
Man made. Usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as the result of human activities.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			anthropogenic										
An atmospheric high-pressure closed circulation with clockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and undefined at the Equator.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			anticyclone (high-pressure area)										
A mineral species of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with a crystal structure different from that of vaterite and calcite, which are the other two forms of CaCO3. It is precipitated from ocean surface waters mainly by organisms (e.g., coral) that use it to make their shells and skeletons.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			aragonite										
A persistent winter diffuse layer in the Arctic atmosphere whose origin may be related to long-range transport of midlatitude continental man-made pollutants.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Arctic haze										
A standard unit of pressure representing the pressure exerted by a 29.92-in. column of mercury at sea level at 45 degrees latitude and equal to 1000 g/cm2.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			atmosphere (An)										
The envelope of air surrounding the Earth and bound to it by the Earth's gravitational attraction. Studies of the chemical properties, dynamic motions, and physical processes of this system constitute the field of meteorology.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			atmosphere (The)										
A state of the flow of air in which apparently random irregularities occur in the air's instantaneous velocities, often producing major deformations of the flow.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			atmospheric turbulence										
The spectral region between 8.5 and 11.0 microns where the atmosphere is essentially transparent to longwave radiation.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			atmospheric window										
An organism that produces food from inorganic substances.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			autotrophic										
A model of atmospheric circulation that, in contrast with barotropic models, does not constrain constant-pressure surfaces to coincide with constant-density surfaces.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			baroclinic model										
The movement or speed of movement of a glacier on its bed.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			basal sliding (basal slip)										
The science of measuring ocean depths to determine the topography of the sea floor.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			bathymetry										
A form of aquatic plant or animal life that is found on or near the bottom of a stream, lake, or ocean.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			benthic organism (benthos)										
The bottom layer of a body of water.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			benthic region										
The chemical interactions among the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			biogeochemical cycle										
The amount of organic matter, carbon, or energy content that is accumulated during a given time period.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			biological productivity										
The total dry organic matter or stored energy content of living organisms that is present at a specific time in a defined unit (community, ecosystem, crop, etc.) of the Earth's surface.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			biomass										
The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that can support life. The part (reservoir) of the global carbon cycle that includes living organisms (plants and animals) and life- derived organic matter (litter, detritus). The terrestrial biosphere includes the living biota (plants and animals) and the litter and soil organic matter on land, and the marine biosphere includes the biota and detritus in the oceans.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			biosphere										
The animal and plant (fauna and flora) life of a given area.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			biota										
Dark, naturally occurring solid or semisolid substances composed mainly of a mixture of hydrocarbons with little oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			bitumen										
The ratio of the instantaneous fractional change in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) exerted by seawater to the fractional change in total CO2 dissolved in the ocean waters. The buffer factor relates the partial pressure of CO2 in the ocean to the total ocean CO2 concentration at constant temperature, alkalinity and salinity. The Revelle factor is a useful parameter for examining the distribution of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean, and measures in part the amount of CO2 that can be dissolved in the mixed surface layer.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			buffer factor (Revelle factor)										
Plants (e.g., soybean, wheat, and cotton) whose carbon- fixation products have three carbon atoms per molecule. Compared with C4 plants, C3 plants show a greater increase in photosynthesis with a doubling of CO2 concentration and less decrease in stomatal conductance, which results in an increase in leaf-level water-use efficiency.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			C3 plants										
Plants (e.g., maize and sorghum) whose carbon fixation products have four carbon atoms per molecule. Compared with C3 plants, C4 plants show little photosynthetic response to increased CO2 concentrations above 340 ppm but show a decrease in stomatal conductance, which results in an increase in photosynthetic water-use efficiency.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			C4 plants										
A surficial gravel and sand conglomerate cemented by calcium carbonate.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			calcrete										
Also called hardpan; an opaque, reddish-brown-to-white calcareous material, which occurs in layers near the surface of stony soils in arid and semiarid areas.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			caliche										
The incorporation of CO2 into glucose by enzymatic reactions.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Calvin cycle										
Plants (e.g, cactus and other succulents) that, unlike the C3 and C4 plants, temporarily separate the processes of carbon dioxide uptake and fixation when grown under arid conditions. They take up gaseous carbon dioxide at night when the stomata are open and water loss is minimal. During the day when the stomata are closed, the stored CO2 is released and chemically processed. When CAM plants are not under water stress, they then follow C3 photosynthesis.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			CAM plants (crassulacean acid metabolism)										
The branches and leaves of woody plants that are formed some distance above the ground.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			canopy										
The recoverable fossil fuel (coal, gas, crude oils, oil shale, and tar sands) and biomass that can be used in fuel production and consumption.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon-based resources										
The balance of the exchanges (incomes and losses) of carbon between the carbon reservoirs or between one specific loop (e.g., atmosphere - biosphere) of the carbon cycle. An examination of the carbon budget of a pool or reservoir can provide information about whether the pool or reservoir is functioning as a source or sink for CO2.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon budget										
All parts (reservoirs) and fluxes of carbon; usually thought of as a series of the four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The four reservoirs, regions of the Earth in which carbon behaves in a systematic manner, are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes fresh water systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). Each of these global reservoirs may be subdivided into smaller pools ranging in size from individual communities or ecosystems to the total of all living organisms (biota). Carbon exchanges from reservoir to reservoir by various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon cycle										
The amount of carbon per unit area for a given ecosystem or vegetation type, based on climatic conditions, topography, vegetative-cover type and amount, soils, and maturity of the vegetative stands.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon density										
Enhancement of plant growth or of the net primary production by CO2 enrichment that could occur in natural or agricultural systems as a result of an increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon dioxide fertilization										
A mixture of a known quantity of CO2-in air or CO2-in-N2 used to calibrate carbon dioxide analyzers.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon dioxide reference gas										
The rate of exchange of carbon between pools (reservoirs).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon flux										
Ratio of carbon-12 to either of the other, less common, carbon isotopes, carbon- 13 or carbon-14.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon isotope ratio										
The reservoir containing carbon as a principal element in the geochemical cycle.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon pool										
A pool (reservoir) that absorbs or takes up released carbon from another part of the carbon cycle. For example, if the net exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere is toward the atmosphere, the biosphere is the source, and the atmosphere is the sink.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon sink										
A pool (reservoir) that releases carbon to another part of the carbon cycle.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			carbon source										
Fish that swim downstream to spawn.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			catanadromous										
A major group of dark-colored zonal soils with a rich and deep humus horizon occurring in temperate-to-cool, subhumid climates.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Chernozem (Tchernozem)										
A family of inert nontoxic and easily liquified chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, and insulation or as solvents or aerosol propellants. Because they are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere, they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			chlorofluorocarbons										
An organelle in the cells of green plants. It contains chlorophyll and functions in photosynthesis and protein synthesis.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			chloroplast										
A forest-management technique that involves harvesting all the trees in one area at one time.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			clear cutting										
The statistical collection and representation of the weather conditions for a specified area during a specified time interval, usually decades, together with a description of the state of the external system or boundary conditions. The properties that characterize the climate are thermal (temperatures of the surface air, water, land, and ice), kinetic (wind and ocean currents, together with associated vertical motions and the motions of air masses, aqueous humidity, cloudiness and cloud water content, groundwater, lake lands, and water content of snow on land and sea ice), nd static (pressure and density of the atmosphere and ocean, composition of the dry ir, salinity of the oceans, and the geometric boundaries and physical constants of the system). These properties are interconnected by the various physical processes such as precipitation, evaporation, infrared radiation, convection, advection, and turbulence.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climate										
The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system also produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climate change										
The magnitude of a climatic response to a perturbing influence. In mathematical modeling of the climate, the difference between simulations as a function of change in a given parameter.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climate sensitivity										
A statistically significant difference between the control and disturbed (see climate sensitivity) simulations of a climate model.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climate signal										
The five physical components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere) that are responsible for the climate and its variations.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climate system										
The change in one or more climatic variables over a specified time.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climate variation										
A past climate situation in which changes similar to the present occurred. Used in making climatic projections.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climatic analog										
The deviation of a particular climatic variable from the mean or normal over a specified time.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climatic anomaly										
The period in history from about 5000 to about 2500 B.C. during which surface air temperatures were warmer than at present in nearly all regions of the world.  In the Arctic region, the temperature rose many degrees, and in temperate regions, the increase was 1.0 degrees - 1.7 degrees C. In this period, glaciers and ice sheets receded greatly, and the melt-water raised sea level by about 3 meters.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			climatic optimum										
A visible mass of condensed water vapor particles or ice suspended above the Earth's surface. Clouds may be classified on their visible appearance, height, or form.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			cloud										
Reflectivity that varies from less than 10 to more than 90% of the insolation and depends on drop sizes, liquid water content, water vapor content, thickness of the cloud, and the sun's zenith angle. The smaller the drops and the greater the liquid water content, the greater the cloud albedo, if all other factors are the same.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			cloud albedo										
The coupling between cloudiness and surface air temperature in which a change in surface temperature could lead to a change in clouds, which could then amplify or diminish the initial temperature perturbation. For example, an increase in surface air temperature could increase the evaporation; this in turn might increase the extent of cloud cover. Increased cloud cover would reduce the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, thereby lowering the surface temperature. This is an example of negative feedback and does not include the effects of longwave radiation or the advection in the oceans and the atmosphere, which must also be considered in the overall relationship of the climate system.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			cloud feedback										
Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the uses of the sea and its ecology or whose uses and ecology are affected by the sea.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			coastal zone										
The natural biological decomposition of organic material in the presence of air to form a humus-like material.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			composting										
The layer of the Earth that lies under continents and the continental shelves. It ranges in thickness from 35 to 60 km. Its upper layer has a density of 2.7 g/cm3 and is composed of rocks that are rich in silica and alumina.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			continental crust										
A thick continental crust.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			continental plate										
Those parts of the continent that are covered by water. They are several to more than 322 km wide and about 122 m deep. At the edges of the shelves, the continental slopes drop rapidly from 100 to 200 m to 3000 to 3700 m.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			continental shelves										
See continental shelves.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			continental slopes										
Atmospheric or oceanic motions that are predominately vertical and that result in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric or oceanic properties. Because the most striking meteorological features result if atmospheric convective motion occurs in conjunction with the rising current of air (i.e., updrafts), convection is sometimes used to imply only upward vertical motion.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			convection										
A numerical procedure applied in many atmospheric models to approximate the vertical nonradiative heat transport. This procedure adjusts the lapse rate whenever necessary so that some prescribed critical lapse rate is never exceeded.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			convective adjustment										
The quasi-horizontal flow of a fluid toward a common destination from different directions. When waters of different origins come together at a point or along a line (convergence line), the denser water from one side sinks under the lighter water from other side. The ocean convergence lines are the polar, subtropical, tropical, and equatorial. Also see divergence.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			convergence										
The tendency for an object moving above the Earth to turn to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere relative to the Earth's surface. The effect arises because the Earth rotates and is not, therefore, an inertial reference frame.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Coriolis effect										
A leaf or leaves of the embryos of seed plants. They can function in food storage and can become photosynthetic when the seed germinates.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			cotyledon										
A measure at the ecosystem level of how well plants use available water in growth. The grams of dry weight gained by plants during the growing season per unit land area are divided by the millimeters of water lost (including evaporation directly from the soil).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			crop water-use efficiency										
The portion of the climate system consisting of the world's ice masses and snow deposits, which includes the continental ice sheets, mountain glaciers, sea ice, surface snow cover, and lake and river ice. Changes in snow cover on the land surfaces are by and large seasonal and closely tied to the mechanics of atmospheric circulation. The glaciers and ice sheets are closely related to the global hydrologic cycle and to variations of sea level and change in volume and extent over periods ranging from hundreds to millions of years.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			cryosphere										
Heterotrophic organisms that break down dead protoplasm and use some of the products and release others for use by consumer organisms.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			decomposers										
The breakdown of matter by bacteria and fungi. It changes the chemical makeup and physical appearance of materials.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			decomposition										
That part of the ocean below the main thermocline.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			deep water										
The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc. or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel. Oxidation of organic matter releases CO2 to the atmosphere, and regional and global impacts may result.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			deforestation										
The dating of past events and variations in the environment and the climate by studying the annual growth rings of trees. The approximate age of a temperate forest tree can be determined by counting the annual growth rings in the lower part of the trunk. The width of these annual rings is indicative of the climatic conditions during the period of growth; wide annual rings signify favorable growing conditions, absence of diseases and pests, and favorable climatic conditions, while narrow rings indicate unfavorable growing conditions or climate.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			dendrochronology										
The use of tree growth rings as proxy climate indicators. Tree rings record responses to a wider range of climatic variables over a larger part of the Earth than any other type of annually dated proxy record.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			dendroclimatology										
The progressive destruction or degradation of vegetative cover especially in arid or semiarid regions bordering existing deserts. Overgrazing of rangelands, large-scale cutting of forests and woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all serve to destroy or degrade the land cover. The climatic impacts of this destruction include increased albedo leading to decreased precipitation, which in turn leads to less vegetative cover; increased atmospheric dust loading could lead to decreased monsoon rainfall and greater wind erosion and/or atmospheric pollution.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			desertification										
The process by which single cells grow into particular forms of specialized tissue (e.g., root, stem, or leaf).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			differentiation										
A horizontal flow of water, in different directions, from a common center or zone; it is often associated with upwelling. Also see convergence.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			divergence										
The process of accumulation and sinking of warm surface waters along a coastline. A change of air flow of the atmosphere can result in the sinking or downwelling of warm surface water. The resulting reduced nutrient supply near the surface affects the ocean productivity and meteorological conditions of the coastal regions in the downwelling area.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			downwelling										
A quantitative method developed by H. H. Lamb for comparing the magnitude of volcanic eruptions. The formulae use observations either of the depletion of the solar beam, temperature lowering in middle latitudes, or the quantity of solid matter dispersed as dust. The reference dust veil index is 1000, assigned to the Krakatoa 1883 eruption, and the index is calculated using all three methods, where the information is available, for statistical comparison purposes. Abbreviated D.V.I.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			dust veil index										
The interacting system of a biological community and its nonliving environmental surroundings.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ecosystem										
A circular movement of water or air that is formed where currents pass obstructions or between two adjacent currents that are flowing counter to each other.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			eddy										
Active volcano 7300 ft (2225 m) high in Mexico. The last eruption was in 1983.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			El Chicn										
An irregular variation of ocean current that from January to March flows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm, low-salinity, nutrient-poor water to the south. It does not usually extend farther than a few degrees south of the equator, but occasionally it does penetrate beyond 12 degrees S, displacing the relatively cold Peru Current. The effects of this phenomenon are generally short-lived, and fishing is only slightly disrupted. Occasionally (in 1891, 1925, 1941, 1957 - 58, 1965, 1972 - 73, 1976, and 1982 - 83), the effects are major and prolonged. Under these conditions, sea surface temperatures rise along the coast of Peru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean and may remain high for more than a year, having disastrous effects on marine life and fishing. Excessive rainfall and flooding occur in the normally dry coastal area of western tropical South America during these events. Some oceanographers and meteorologists consider only the major, prolonged events as El Nio phenomena rather than the annually occurring weaker and short-lived ones. The name was originally applied to the latter events because of their occurrence at Christmas time.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			El Nio										
Materials (gases, particles, vapors, chemical compounds, etc.) that come out of smokestacks, chimneys, and tailpipes.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			emissions										
The ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to that emitted by a black body at the same temperature.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			emissivity										
An analytical technique to study the solar radiation incident on the Earth in which explicit calculations of atmospheric motions are omitted. In the zero- dimensional models, only the incoming and outgoing radiation is considered. The outgoing infrared radiation is a linear function of global mean surface air temperature, and the reflected solar radiation is dependent on the surface albedo. The albedo is a step function of the global meansurface air temperatures, and equilibrium temperatures are computed for a range of values of the solar constant. The one-dimensional models have surface air temperature as a function of latitude. At each latitude, a balance between incoming and outgoing radiation and horizontal transport of heat is computed. (Abbreviated as EBM.)  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			energy balance models										
The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			environment										
The study of diseases as they affect populations, including the distribution of disease or other health-related states and events in human populations, the factors (e.g., age, sex, occupation, and economic status) that influence this distribution, and the application of this study to control health problems.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			epidemiology										
The level on a glacier where accumulation equals ablation and the net balance equals zero.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			equilibrium line										
Regions of interaction between rivers and near-shore ocean waters, where tidal action and river flow create a mixing of fresh and salt water.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			estuary										
The layer of a body of water that receives sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis. The depth of this layer, which is about 80 m, is determined by the water's extinction coefficient, the cloudiness, and the sunlight's angle of incidence.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			euphotic zone										
Discharge of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere by evaporation from bodies of water, or other surfaces, and by transpiration from plants.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			evapotranspiration										
A sequence of interactions in which the final interaction influences the original one. Also see positive feedback and negative feedback.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			feedback mechanisms										
A type of wetland that accumulates peat deposits; they are less acidic than bogs, deriving most of their water from groundwater rich in calcium and magnesium.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			fen										
Material that is transitional between snow and glacier ice. It is formed from snow after passing through one summer melt season and becomes glacier ice after its permeability to liquid water falls to zero.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			firn										
Identification of a precursor signal, detectable above the noise of natural climatic variability, of a significant change in a climate parameter and attribution of this change to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The signal may be estimated by numeric modeling of the climate, and the noise can be estimated using instrumental data. For any modeled signal that is estimated, the corresponding noise can be estimated from observational data, and a signal-to-noise ratio can be calculated to provide a quantitative measure of detectability.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			first detection										
The burning of waste gases through a flare stack or other device before releasing them to the air.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			flaring										
In glaciology, a constitutive relation for the analysis of three-dimensional deformation states of ice subjected to stress.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			flow law										
Liquid particles less than 40 microns in diameter that are formed by condensation of vapor in air.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			fog										
A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next lower member of the sequence as a food source.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			food chain										
Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or power, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			fossil fuel										
Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group of organisms that lack chlorophyll and therefore are not photosynthetic. They are usually nonmobile, filamentous, and multicellular.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			fungi										
Hydrodynamic models of the atmosphere on a grid or spectral resolution that determine the surface pressure and the vertical distributions of velocity, temperature, density, and water vapor as functions of time from the mass conservation and hydrostatic laws, the first law of thermodynamics, Newton's second law of motion, the equation of state, and the conservation law for water vapor. Abbreviated as GCM. Atmospheric general circulation models are abbreviated AGCM, while oceanic general circulation models are abbreviated OGCM.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			general circulation models										
The study of present-day landforms, including their classification, description, nature, origin, development, and relationships to underlying structures. Also the his- tory of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features. The term is sometimes restricted to features produced only by erosion and deposition.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			geomorphology										
The solid mass (lithosphere) of the Earth as distinct from the atmosphere and hydrosphere or all three of these layers combined.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			geosphere										
A type of movement where the Coriolis force balances exactly the horizontal pressure force.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			geostrophic flow										
The position or time of the greatest advance of a glacier (e.g., the greatest equatorward advance of Pleistocene glaciation).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			glacial maximum										
The isostatic adjustment of previously glaciated areas after glacial retreat (e.g., the uplift of Scandinavia after the most recent glaciation).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			glacial rebound										
A mass of land ice that is formed by the cumulative recrystallization of firn. A glacier flows slowly (at present or in the past) from an accumulation area to an ablation area. Some well-known glaciers are: the Zermatt, Stechelberg, Grindelwald, Trient, Les Diablerets, and Rhone in Switzerland; the Nigards, Gaupne, Fanarak, Lom, and Bover in Norway; the Wright, Taylor, and Wilson Piedmont glaciers in Antarctica; the Bossons Glacier in France; the Emmons and Nisqually glaciers on Mt. Ranier, Washington; Grinnell glacier in Glacier National Park, Montana; the Dinwoody glacier in the Wind River Mountains and the Teton glacier in Teton National Park, both in Wyoming; and many glaciers in the Canadian Rockies.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			glacier										
The slow downward or outward movement of ice in a glacier caused by gravity.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			glacier flow (ice flow).										
A popular term used to describe the roles of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases in keeping the Earth's surface warmer than it would be otherwise. These " radiatively active " gases are relatively transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, but are relatively opaque to outgoing longwave radiation. The latter radiation, which would otherwise escape to space, is trapped by these gases within the lower levels of the atmosphere. The subsequent reradiation of some of the energy back to the surface maintains surface temperatures higher than they would be if the gases were absent. There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, and manmade chlorofluorocarbons, may enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global warming.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			greenhouse effect										
Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, tropospheric ozone, nitrous oxide, and methane, that are transparent to solar radiation but opaque to longwave radiation. Their action is similar to that of glass in a greenhouse. Also see greenhouse effect and trace gas.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			greenhouse gases										
See ice sheet.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Greenland Ice Sheet										
A soil horizon, which is frequently marked by a bed of clay, that results from a temporary halt in the accumulation of vegetal material.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			grenz										
The total amount or weight of organic matter created by photosynthesis over a defined time period (total product of photosynthesis). Abbreviated GPP.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			gross primary production										
Plants grown to keep soil from eroding.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ground cover										
The boundary between the area where an ice shelf or a glacier is floating on water and where it is in contact with the shore or underlying earth (grounded).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			grounding line										
The supply of fresh water found beneath the surface of the Earth (usually in aquifers) that often supplies wells and springs.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			groundwater										
A measure at the individual plant level of how well plants use available water in growth. The units of dry matter synthesized are divided by the units of water lost. [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			growth water-use efficiency										
A transient winding bend in the Gulf Stream. These bends intensify as the Gulf Stream merges into the North Atlantic and can break up into detached eddies at about 40 degrees S.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Gulf Stream meander										
Major circular flow patterns in the oceans. The wind- driven eastward- and westward-flowing equatorial currents are blocked by the continents and rotate slowly in a clockwise direction in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and in a counter- clockwise direction in the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian Oceans.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			gyres										
A direct thermally-driven and zonally symmetric large- scale atmospheric circulation first proposed by George Hadley in 1735 as an explanation for the trade winds. It carries momentum, sensible heat, and potential heat from the tropics to the mid-latitudes (30 degrees). The poleward transport aloft is complemented by subsidence in the subtropical high pressure ridge and a surface return flow. The variability of this cell and the Walker cell is hypothesized to be a major factor in short-term climatic change.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Hadley cell										
In the oceans, a well-defined vertical gradient of salinity.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			halocline										
The amount of heat that is transferred across a surface of unit area in a unit of time.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			heat flux (thermal flux)										
A dome of elevated temperatures over an urban area caused by the heat absorbed by structures and pavement.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			heat island effect										
An animal that feeds on plants.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			herbivore										
Organisms that break down and use organic matter.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			heterotrophs										
Wet organic soils, such as peats and mucks.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			histosol										
A climate category defined by three weighted climatic indexes, namely, mean annual heat, precipitation, and atmospheric moisture.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Holdridge life zone										
The most recent epoch of the Quaternary period , covering approximately the last 10,000 years.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Holocene										
Decomposed organic material.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			humus										
A quantitative accounting of all water volumes and their changes with time for a basin or area.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			hydrologic budget										
The process of evaporation, vertical and horizontal transport of vapor, condensation, precipitation, and the flow of water from continents to oceans. It is a major factor in determining climate through its influence on surface vegetation, the clouds, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The hydrologic cycle is responsible for 25 to 30 percent of the mid-latitudes' heat transport from the equatorial to polar regions.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			hydrologic cycle										
The science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			hydrology										
The aqueous envelope of the Earth, including the oceans, freshwater lakes, rivers, saline lakes and inland seas, soil moisture and vadose water, groundwaters, and atmospheric vapor.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			hydrosphere										
In the vector equation of motion, the form assumed by the vertical component when all Coriolis, earth-curvature, frictional, and vertical-acceleration terms are con- sidered negligible compared with those involving the vertical pressure force and the force of gravity. The error in applying the hydrostatic equation to the atmosphere for cyclonic-scale motions is less than 0.01%. In extreme situations, the strong vertical accelerations in thunderstorms and mountain waves can be 1% of gravity.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			hydrostatic equation										
The period about 4000 to 8000 years ago when the Earth was apparently several degrees warmer than it is now. More rainfall occurred in most of the subtropical desert regions and less in the central midwest United States and Scandinavia. It is also called the altithermal period and can serve as a past climate analog for predicting the regional pattern of climate change should the mean Earth surface temperature increase from an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			hypsithermal period										
A glacial epoch or time of extensive glacial activity. Also, as Ice Age, which refers to the latest glacial epoch, the Pleistocene Epoch.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ice age										
The reflectivity of ice and snow-covered surfaces. The albedo of freshly fallen snow may be as much as 90%, while older snow may have values of 75% or less. The larger the areal extent of snow and ice cover, the higher the albedo value.  The surface albedo will also increase as a function of the depth of snow cover up to 13 cm and be unaffected by increased snow cover after reaching that depth.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ice and snow albedo										
Interactions that can be described as a theoretical concept of a feedback mechanism in which the interacting elements are the areal extent of polar ice and snow cover, the albedo of the polar region (dependent on areal extent of ice and snow), absorption of solar radiation (dependent on the albedo), temperature (dependent on the absorption of solar radiation) and the area of ice and snow cover (dependent on temperature). Less snowfall would mean more absorption of solar radiation, therefore a surface warming would occur. Climate modeling studies indicate an amplification effect (i.e., positive feedback) of the ice and snow-albedo feedback on increased surface air temperatures caused by increases in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ice and snow-albedo-temperature feedback										
During the present time, the extent, especially the thickness, of glacier ice on a land surface. Also the same as ice concentration, which is the ratio of an area of sea ice to the total area of sea surface within some large geographic area.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ice cover										
See glacier flow.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ice flow										
The floating vertical cliff that forms the seaward face or edge of a glacier or an ice shelf that enters water. It can vary from 2 to 50 m in height.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ice front										
A glacier of considerable thickness and more than 50,000 sq km in area. It forms a continuous cover of ice and snow over a land surface. An ice sheet is not confined by the underlying topography but spreads outward in all directions.  During the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar regions (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ice sheet (continental glacier)										
A sheet of very thick ice with a level or gently undulating surface. It is attached to the land on one side, but most of it is floating. On the seaward side, it is bounded by a steep cliff (ice front) 2 to 50 m or more above sea level. Ice shelves have formed along polar coasts (e.g., Antarctica and Greenland); they are very wide with some extending several hundreds of kilometers toward the sea from the coastline. They increase in size from annual snow accumulation and seaward extension of land glaciers. They decrease in size from warming, melting, and calving.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ice shelf										
Movement of water from the ground surface into the soil.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			infiltration (soil)										
Electromagnetic radiation lying in the wavelength interval from 0.7 micrometers to 1000 micrometersm. Its lower limit is bounded by visible radiation, and its upper limit by microwave radiation. Most of the energy emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere is at infrared wavelength. Infrared radiation is generated almost entirely by large-scale intra- molecular processes. The tri-atomic gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone, absorb infrared radiation and play important roles in the propagation of infra- red radiation in the atmosphere. Abbreviated IR; also called "longwave radiation".  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			infrared radiation										
The solar radiation incident on a unit horizontal surface at the top of the atmosphere. It is sometimes referred to as solar irradiance. The latitudinal variation of insolation supplies the energy for the general circulation of the atmosphere. Insolation depends on the angle of incidence of the solar beam and on the solar constant.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			insolation										
A measure at the physiologic level of how well plants use available water in photosynthesis. The assimilation rate is divided by the transpiration rate; the moles of CO2 taken up are divided by the moles of water lost through transpiration in a unit of time.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			instantaneous transpiration efficiency										
An anomaly in the normal positive lapse rate; usually refers to a thermal inversion, in which temperature increases rather than decreases with height.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			inversion										
The total radiant flux received on a unit area of a given real or imaginary surface. Also called the radiant flux density.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			irradiance										
A line on a chart that connects all points of equal or constant density.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			isopynic										
The process whereby lateral transport at the Earth's surface from erosion or deposition is compensated for by movements in a subcrustal layer to maintain equilibrium among units of varying masses and densities.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			isostatic adjustment (isostatic compensation)										
A line on a chart that connects all points of equal or constant temperature.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			isotherm										
One of two or more atoms that have the same atomic number (i.e., the same number of protons in their nuclei) but have different mass numbers.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			isotope										
Active volcano 2667 ft (813 m) high in West Indonesia. It forms an island between Java and Sumatra. Its eruption in 1883, which was one of the most violent in modern times, scattered debris and darkened skies over vast areas. Additional eruptions occurred in late 1927 and in the l960s.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Krakatoa (Krakatau)										
The rapidity with which temperature decreases with altitude. The normal lapse rate is defined to be 3.6 degrees F per 1000 feet change in altitude. The dry adiabatic lapse rate is about 5.5 degrees F per 1000 feet, and the wet adiabatic lapse rate varies between 2 and 5 degrees F per 1000 feet.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			lapse rate										
Energy transferred from the earth's surface to the atmosphere through the evaporation and condensation processes.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			latent heat										
When an external force is applied to an equilibrium system, the system adjusts to minimize the effect of the force.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Le Chatelier's principle										
A climatically-defined class that can be associated with regions of soil and biota with a high uniformity in species composition and environmental adaptation. See Holdridge life zone.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			life zone										
The component of the Earth's surface comprising the rock, soil, and sediments. It is a relatively passive component of the climate system, and its physical character- istics are treated as fixed elements in the determination of climate.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			lithosphere										
Undecomposed plant residues on the soil surface.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			litter										
A cold period that lasted from about A.D. 1550 to about A.D. 1850 in Europe, North America, and Asia. This period was marked by rapid expansion of mountain glaciers, especially in the Alps, Norway, Ireland, and Alaska. There were three maxima, beginning about 1650, about 1770, and 1850, each separated by slight warming intervals.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Little Ice Age										
A buff-colored, wind-blown deposit of fine silt, which is frequently exposed in bluffs with steep faces. The thickness can range from 6 to 30 m. The loess of the USA and Europe is thought to be the fine materials first transported and deposited by the waters of melting ice sheets during the glacial period. It was later blown consider- able distances with, in some cases, deposition in lakes. The origin of Asiatic loess, however, is apparently wind-blown dust from central Asian deserts.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			loess										
The radiation emitted in the spectral wavelength greater than 4 micrometers corresponding to the radiation emitted from the Earth and atmosphere. It is sometimes referred to as terrestrial radiation or infrared radiation, although somewhat imprecisely.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			longwave radiation										
A type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbacious vegetation. Marshes may be fresh- or saltwater, tidal or nontidal.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			marsh										
The application of the principle of the conservation of matter. For example, the mass of a glacier is not destroyed or created; the mass of a glacier and all its constitutive components remains the same despite alterations in their physical states. The mass balance of a glacier is calculated with the input/output relationships of ice, firn, and snow, usually measured in water equivalent. Output includes all ablative processes of surface melting, basal melting, evaporation, wind deflation, calving, and internal melting. Input includes direct precipitation, avalanching, and the growth of superimposed ice.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			mass balance										
An intermittently active volcano 13,680 ft (4,170 m) high in Hawaii. Last eruption was in 1984. Also see Mauna Loa record.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Mauna Loa										
The record of measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Mauna Loa, Hawaii, since March 1958. The Mauna Loa record is the longest reliable daily record of atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the world.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Mauna Loa record										
The period from 1654 to 1714 when it was believed that there were no sunspots. It is now thought that there were some sunspots during that time but less than the numbers counted after 1800.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Maunder minimum										
The average height of the sea surface, based upon hourly observation of the tide height on the open coast or in adjacent waters that have free access to the sea. In the United States, it is defined as the average height of the sea surface for all stages of the tide over a nineteen year period. Mean sea level, commonly abbreviated as MSL and referred to simply as sea level, serves as the reference surface for all altitudes in upper atmospheric studies.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			mean sea level										
A habitat with a moderate amount of water.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			mesic environment										
In the ocean, dense and irregularly-oval high- and low- pressure centers about 400 km in diameter. The intensities of currents in these centers are about 10 times greater than the local means.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			mesoscale eddies (mode eddies)										
An astronomical theory formulated by the Yugoslav mathematician Milutin Milankovitch that associates climate change with fluctuations in the seasonal and geographic distribution of insolation determined by periodic variations of the Earth's eccentricity and obliquity and the longitude of the perihelion.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Milankovitch theory										
Liquid particles 40 to 500 microns in diameter that are formed by condensation of vapor in air.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			mist										
An investigative technique that uses a mathematical or physical representation of a system or theory that accounts for all or some of its known properties. Models are often used to test the effects of changes of system components on the overall performance of the system.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			modeling										
A name for seasonal winds, first applied to the winds over the Arabian Sea that blow for six months from the northeast and for six months from the southwest. The term has been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world (i.e., the prevailing west to northwest winds of summer in Europe have been called the European monsoon). The primary cause for these seasonal winds is the much greater annual variation of temperature over large land areas compared with neighboring ocean surfaces, causing an excess of pressure over the continents in winter and a deficit in summer, but other factors, such as topography of the land, also have an effect. The monsoons are strongest in the southern and eastern sides of Asia, but also occur along the coasts of tropical regions wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit them. The monsoon climate can be described as a long winter-spring dry season, which includes a cold season followed by a short hot season just preceding the rains; a summer and early autumn rainy season, which is generally very wet but may vary greatly from year to year; and a secondary warming immediately after the rainy season.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			monsoon										
The process of survival of the fittest by which organisms that adapt to their environment survive while those that do not adapt disappear.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			natural selection										
An interaction that reduces or dampens the response of the system in which it is incorporated.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			negative feedback										
The part of the gross primary production that remains stored in the producer organism (primarily green plants) after deducting the amount used during the process of respiration. Abbreviated NPP.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			net primary production										
Any substance assimilated by living things that promotes growth.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			nutrient										
Processes that involve rates of advection, upwelling/ downwelling, and eddy diffusion and that determine how rapidly excess atmospheric carbon dioxide can be taken up by the oceans.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ocean mixing										
The degree of obscuration of light; for example, a glass window has almost 0% opacity, whereas a concrete wall has 100% opacity.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			opacity										
In calculating the transfer of radiant energy, the mass of an absorbing or emitting material lying in a vertical column of unit cross-sectional area and extending between two specified levels. Also, the degree to which a cloud prevents light from passing through it; the optical thickness then depends on the physical constitution (crystals, drops, and/or droplets), the form, the concentration, and the vertical extent of the cloud.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			optical thickness (optical depth)										
A molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. In the statosphere, it occurs naturally and it provides a protective layer shielding the Earth from ultraviolet radiation and subsequent harmful health effects on humans and the environment. In the troposphere, it is a chemical oxidant and major component of photochemical smog.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			ozone										
An ancient soil or soil horizon that formed on the surface during the geologic past. [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			paleosol										
The expansion of a bog caused by the gradual rising of the water table as accumulation of peat impedes water drainage.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			paludification										
The science of reconstructing the past flora and past climate from pollen data obtained from lake and bog sediments. The fossil pollen record is a function of the regional flora and vegetation at a given time and location.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			palynology										
Very small pieces of solid or liquid matter, such as particles of soot, dust, aerosols, fumes, or mists.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			particulate matter										
The reconstructing of past climates at a given locality from modern climatic conditions in a different elevation or latitudinal zone to infer past climatic conditions.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			past climate analogs										
The partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere and the ocean. In the atmosphere, the partial pressure of CO2 is defined as the pressure the CO2 would exert if all other gases were removed. The sum of the partial pressure of all the atmospheric gases will equal the atmospheric pressure. The partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere is determined by the atmospheric CO2 concentration and atmospheric temperature. In the ocean, the pCO2 is determined by the amount of dissolved CO2 and H2CO3. It varies with alkalinity, latitude, depth, and temperature. Biological processes in the ocean also exert an influence on the pCO2 in the ocean.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			pCO2										
The movement of water downward and radially through the subsurface soil layers, usually continuing downward to the groundwater.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			percolation										
Perennially frozen ground that occurs wherever the temperature remains below 0 degrees C for several years.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			permafrost										
The study of periodic biological phenomena with relation to climate, particularly seasonal changes. These phenomena can be used to interpret local seasons and the climatic zones.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			phenology										
Air pollution caused by chemical reactions among various substances and pollutants in the atmosphere.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			photochemical smog										
Of or relating to the electrical effects of light, including the emission of electrons, the generation of a voltage, or a change in resistance.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			photoelectric										
The manufacture by plants of carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll with sunlight as the energy source. Oxygen and water vapor are released in the process. Photosynthesis is dependent on favorable temperature and moisture conditions as well as on the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Increased levels of carbon dioxide can increase net photosynthesis in many plants.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			photosynthesis										
That portion of the plankton community comprised of tiny plants (e.g., algae and diatoms).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			phytoplankton										
The fraction (approximately 30%) of incident solar radiation that is reflected by the earth-atmosphere system and returned to space, mostly by backscatter from clouds in the atmosphere.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			planetary albedo										
The transition region between the turbulent surface layer and the normally nonturbulent free atmosphere. This region is about 1 km in thickness and is characterized by a well-developed mixing generated by frictional drag as the air masses move over the Earth's surface. This layer contains approximately 10% of the mass of the atmosphere. Also called the atmospheric boundary layer or frictional layer.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			planetary boundary layer										
Passively floating or weakly motile aquatic plants ( phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton ).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			plankton										
The earlier of the two epochs of the Quaternary period, starting 2 to 3 million years before the present and ending about 10,000 years ago. It was a time of glacial activity.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Pleistocene										
An interaction that amplifies the response of the system in which it is incorporated.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			positive feedback										
Any or all forms of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface. It includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and hail. The ratio of precipitation to evaporation is the most important factor in the distribution of vegetation zones. Precipitation is also defined as a measure of the quantity, expressed in centimeters or milliliters of liquid water depth, of the water substance that has fallen at a given location in a specified amount of time.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			precipitation										
See gross primary production and net primary production.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			primary productivity										
The natural development of vegetation and soil on a site that had not previously borne vegetation (e.g., a sand dune or lava flow), which vegetation will be replaced by other, successive plant communities.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			primary succession										
The Eulerian equations of fluid motion in which the primary dependent variables are the velocity components of the fluid. In meteorology, they can be specialized to apply directly to the cylonic-scale motions.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			primitive equations										
Dateable evidence of a biological or geological phenomenon whose condition, at least in part, is attributable to climatic conditions at the time of its formation. Proxy data are any material that provides an indirect measure of climate and include documentary evidence of crop yields, harvest dates, glacier movements, tree rings, varves, glaciers and snow lines, insect remains, pollen remains, marine microfauna, isotope measurements: 18O, in ice sheets, 18O, 2H, and 13C in tree rings; CaCO3 in sediments; and speleothems. There are three main problems in using proxy data: (1) dating, (2) lag and response time, and (3) meteorological interpretation. Tree rings, pollen deposits from varved lakes, and ice cores are the most promising proxy data sources for reconstructing the climate of the last five millennia because the dating are precise on an annual basis while other proxy data sources may only be precise to +/- 100 years.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			proxy climate indicators										
In the ocean, a region where the water density increases rapidly with depth.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			pycnocline										
An instrument that measures radiation from the earth's surface into space.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			pyrgeometer										
The latest period of geologic time, covering the most- recent 2,000,000 years of the Earth's history. It is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene - 2 million years ago to approximately 10,000 years ago - and the Holocene - the period from approximately 10,000 years ago to the present. The Quaternary period is the artificial division of time separating prehuman and human periods. It contains five ice ages and four interglacial ages, and temperature indicators seem to show sharp and abrupt changes by several degrees.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Quaternary period										
The total flow of radiation received on a unit area of a given real or imaginary surface. Also called the irradiance.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			radiant flux density										
The difference between the absorbed solar radiation and the net infrared radiation. Experimental data show that radiation from the earth's natural surfaces is rather close to the radiation from a black body at the corresponding temperature; the ratio of the observed values of radiation to black body radiation is generally 0.90 - 1.0.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			radiation balance										
Thermodynamic models that determine the equilibrium temperature distribution for an atmospheric column and the underlying surface, subject to prescribed solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere and prescribed atmospheric composition and surface albedo. Submodels for the transfer of solar and terrestrial radiation, the heat exchange between the earth's surface and atmosphere, the vertical redistribution of heat within the atmosphere, the atmospheric water vapor content and clouds are included in these one-dimensional models. Abbreviated as RCM.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			radiative-convective models										
Gases that absorb incoming solar radiation or outgoing infrared radiation, thus affecting the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere. Most frequently being cited as being radiatively active gases are water vapor, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			radiatively active gases										
A balloon-borne instrument for the simultaneous measurement and transmission of meteorological data up to a height of approximately 30,000 meters (100,000 feet). The height of each pressure level of the observation is computed from data received via radio signals.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			radiosonde										
The process by which water is added to a reservoir or zone of saturation, often by runoff or percolation from the soil surface.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			recharge										
The ratio of the energy carried by a wave that is reflected from a surface to the energy of a wave incident on the surface.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			reflectivity										
The height of the boundary between sea and air as measured in relationship to a fixed reference point on land.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			relative sea level										
Any natural or artificial holding area used to store, regulate, or control a substance.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			reservoir										
The size of any specific reservoir or pool of mass (e.g., carbon) divided by the total flux of mass into or out of that pool.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			residence time										
A biochemical process by which living organisms take up oxygen from the environment and consume organic matter, releasing both carbon dioxide and heat. In plants, the organic matter in photosynthate produced during daylight hours.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			respiration										
The ratio of the instantaneous fractional change in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) exerted by seawater to the fractional change in total CO2 dissolved in the ocean waters. The buffer factor relates the partial pressure of CO2 in the ocean to the total ocean CO2 concentration at constant temperature, alkalinity and salinity. The Revelle factor is a useful parameter for examining the distribution of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean, and measures in part the amount of CO2 that can be dissolved in the mixed surface layer.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Revelle factor										
A rocket-borne instrument for measurement and transmission of upper-air meteorological data in the lower 76,000 meters (250,000 feet) of the atmosphere, especially that portion inaccessible to radiosonde techniques.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			rocketsonde										
That part of precipitation, snowmelt, or irrigation water that flows from the land to streams or other surface waters.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			runoff										
The degree of salt in water.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			salinity										
The invasion of fresh, surface, or groundwater by salt water.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			salt water intrusion										
The change in a set of meteorological parameters averaged over three months. Seasonal variation is the largest climatic variation, and temperature is the most frequently observed meteorological parameter. Often, monthly averaged data are grouped into seasons, according to the prescribed definition.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			seasonal variation										
The temperature of the layer of seawater (approximately 0.5 m deep) nearest the atmosphere.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			sea surface temperature										
Temperature of emitted energy from the sea surface. SST anomaly = (SST - SST mean).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			sea surface temperature anomalies										
The fairly uniform and accelerating increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, as illustrated by the Mauna Loa record. The secular trend reflects the increase in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations produced by combustion of fossil fuels, kilning of limestone, and possibly a net biospheric release of carbon dioxide resulting from deforestation.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			secular carbon dioxide trend										
The excess radiative energy that has passed from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through advection, conduction, and convection processes.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			sensible heat										
The radiation received from the sun and emitted in the spectral wavelengths less than 4 m. It is also called solar radiation.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			shortwave radiation										
A quantitative measure of the statistical detectability of a signal, expressed as a ratio of the magnitude of the signal relative to the variability. For first detection of a CO2-induced climate change, the model signal is the mean change or anomaly in some climatic variable, usually surface air temperature, attributed by a numerical model to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide. Observed noise is the standard deviation or natural variability computed from observations of that variable and adjusted for sample size, autocorrelation, and time averaging.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			signal-to-noise ratio										
Management of forest land for timber.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			silviculture										
Air pollution associated with oxidants.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			smog										
Particles suspended in air after incomplete combustion of materials.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			smoke										
A major component of the terrestrial biosphere pool in the carbon cycle. Organic soil carbon estimates, rather than total soil carbon, are generally quoted. The amount of carbon in the soil is a function of historical vegetative cover and productivity, which in turn is dependent upon climatic variables.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			soil carbon										
The rate at which solar energy is received just outside the Earth's atmosphere on a surface that is normal to the incident radiation and at the mean distance of the Earth from the sun. The current value is 0.140 watt/cm2.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			solar constant										
The periodic change in sunspot numbers. It is the interval between successive minima and is about 11.1 years.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			solar cycle										
A large-scale atmospheric and hydrospheric fluctuation centered in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It exhibits a nearly annual pressure anomaly, alternatively high over the Indian Ocean and high over the South Pacific. Its period is slightly variable, averaging 2.33 years. The variation in pressure is accompanied by variations in wind strengths, ocean currents, sea-surface temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding areas. El Nio occurrences are associated with the phenomenon.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Southern Oscillation										
An indicator based on the pressure gradient between the quasi-stationary low pressure region and the center of a subtropical high pressure cell. A positive index corresponds to an anomalously high pressure difference between the two centers of action.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Southern Oscillation Index										
Computer programs that calculate simplified climate models based on versions of the conservation equations that have been averaged over longitude, with the effects of the synoptic eddies parameterized statistically in the meridional plane.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			statistical-dynamical models										
The mean dynamic depth (or height) of the ocean for the month minus the annual mean dynamic depth for the same isobaric reference level.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			steric height										
A minute pore in the epidermis of plant leaves or stems. Stoma, which are bordered by guard cells that regulate the size of the opening, function in gas exchange between the plant and the external environment. The stomatal apparatus or stomate consists of the stoma plus guard cells.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			stoma, plant stomata										
Separating into layers.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			stratification										
The region of the upper atmosphere extending from the tropopause (8 to 15 km altitude) to about 50 km. The thermal structure is determined by its radiation balance and is generally very stable with low humidity.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			stratosphere										
The relative change in the 14C/C or 13C/C ratio of any carbon pool or reservoir caused by the addition of fossil- fuel CO2 to the atmosphere. Fossil fuels are devoid of 14C because of the radioactive decay of 14C to 14N during long underground storage and are depleted in 13C because of isotopic fractionation eons ago during photosynthesis by the plants that were the precursors of the fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of fossil fuels is thus virtually free of 14C and depleted in 13C. The term Suess effect originally referred to the dilution of the 14C/C ratio in atmospheric CO2 by the admixture of fossil-fuel produced CO2, but the definition has been extended to both the 14C and 13C ratios in any pool or reservoir of the carbon cycle resulting from human disturbances.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Suess effect										
A relatively dark, sharply defined region on the solar disk, marked by an umbra approximately 2000K cooler than the effective photospheric temperature, surrounded by a less dark but also sharply bounded penumbra. The average spot diameter is about 3700 km, but can range up to 245,000 km. Most sunspots are found in groups of two or more, but they can occur singly. Sunspots are cyclic, with a period of approximately 11 years. The quantitative description of sunspot activity is called the Wolf sunspot number, denoted R. The Wolf sunspot number is also referred to as Wolfer sunspot number, Zurich relative sunspot number, or relative sunspot number.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			sunspot										
The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth, usually determined by a thermometer in an instrument shelter about 2 m above the ground. The true daily mean, obtained from a thermograph, is approximated by the mean of 24 hourly readings and may differ by 1.0 degrees C from the average based on minimum and maximum readings. The global average surface air temperature is 15 degrees C.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			surface air temperature										
The fraction of solar radiation incident on the Earth's surface that is reflected by it. Reflectivity varies with ground cover, and during the winter months it varies greatly with the amount of snow cover (depth and areal extent). Roughness of terrain, moisture content, solar angle, and angular and spectral distribution of ground- level irradiations are other factors affecting surface albedo.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			surface albedo										
All water naturally open to the atmosphere.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			surface water										
A type of wetland that is dominated by woody vegetation and does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits; it may be fresh- or saltwater, and tidal or nontidal.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			swamp										
Any rock material produced by a volcano.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			tephra										
The total infrared radiation emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere in the temperature range of approximately 200-300K. Because the Earth is nearly a perfect radiator, the radiation from its surface varies as the fourth power of the surface's absolute temperature. Terrestrial radiation provides a major part of the potential energy changes necessary to drive the atmospheric wind system and is responsible for maintaining the surface air temperature within limits for livability.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			terrestrial radiation										
A transition layer of water in the ocean, with a steeper vertical temperature gradient than that found in the layers of ocean above and below. The permanent ther- mocline separates the warm mixed surface layer of the ocean from the cold deep ocean water, and is found between 100- and 1000-m depths. The thermocline first appears at the 55 - 60 degree N and S latitudes, where it forms a horizontal separation between temperate and polar waters. The thermocline reaches its maximum depth at mid-latitudes and is shallowest at the equator and at its northern and southern limits. The thermocline is stably stratified, and transfer of water and carbon dioxide across this zone occurs very slowly. Thus, the thermocline acts as a barrier to the downward mixing of carbon dioxide.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			thermocline										
Refers to the combined effects of temperature and salinity that contribute to density variations in the oceans.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			thermohaline										
Low, flat marshlands traversed by channels and tidal hollows and subject to tidal innundation; normally, the only vegetation present are salt-tolerant bushes and grasses.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			tidal marsh										
A minor constituent of the atmosphere. The most important trace gases contributing to the greenhouse effect are water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, ammonia, nitric acid, nitrous oxide, ethylene, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, dichlorofluoromethane or Freon 12, trichlorofluoromethane or Freon 11, methyl chloride, carbon monoxide, and carbon tetrachloride.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			trace gas										
Chemical elements (often radioactive) or compounds that have finite lifetimes.  Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s released large quantities of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Atmosphere-ocean exchange processes have transferred some of these elements to the oceans. Studying the behavior and distribution of these specific isotopes and other chemical tracers in the ocean will provide information on: residence times of the water and its dissolved components in gyres, basins, etc.; the mode and rate of formation and the subsequent spreading rates of specific water types, such as the polar water of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas; deep-ocean circulation and ocean- mixing processes, such as advection and upwelling; and the flux of anthropogenic carbon dioxide into the ocean through its correlation with several different transient tracers.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			transient tracers										
The process in plants by which water is taken up by the roots and released as water vapor by the leaves. The term can also be applied to the quantity of water thus dissipated.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			transpiration										
Annual growth increments of trees that indicate, among other factors, the climatic conditions that enhance or limit growth. Tree ring widths and indexes have been used to search for solar-terrestrial relationships and climatic cycles and to reconstruct past climates. See also dendroclimatology and dendrochronology.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			tree rings										
A segment of the food chain in which all organisms obtain food and energy in, basically, the same manner (e.g., photosynthesis, herbivory, or carnivory) and in which all organisms are the same number of links from the photosynthetic segment.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			trophic level										
The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere (about 8 km in polar regions and about 15 km in tropical regions), usually characterized by an abrupt change of lapse rate. The regions above the troposphere have increased atmospheric stability than those below. The tropopause marks the vertical limit of most clouds and storms.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			tropopause										
The inner layer of the atmosphere below about 15 km, within which there is normally a steady decrease of temperature with increasing altitude. Nearly all clouds form and weather conditions manifest themselves within this region, and its thermal structure is caused primarily by the heating of the Earth's surface by solar radiation, followed by heat transfer by turbulent mixing and convection.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			troposphere										
A type of ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses, grasses, and woody plants. It is found at high latitudes (arctic tundra) and high altitudes (alpine tundra).  Arctic tundra is underlain by permafrost and usually very wet.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			tundra										
The fraction of the total amount of mass (e.g., carbon) in a given pool or reservoir that is released from or that enters the pool in a given length of time. The turnover rate of carbon is often expressed as GtC/year.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			turnover rate										
The vertical motion of water in the ocean by which subsurface water of lower temperature and greater density moves toward the surface of the ocean. Upwelling occurs most commonly among the western coastlines of continents, but may occur anywhere in the ocean. Upwelling results when winds blowing nearly parallel to a continental coastline transport the light surface water away from the coast. Subsurface water of greater density and lower temperature replaces the surface water, and exerts a considerable influence on the weather of coastal regions. Carbon dioxide is transferred to the atmosphere in regions of upwelling. This is especially important in the Pacific equatorial regions, where 1 - 2 GtC/year may be released to the atmosphere. Upwelling also results in increased ocean productivity by transporting nutrient-rich waters to the surface layer of the ocean.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			upwelling										
The gaseous phase of substances that are liquid or solid at atmospheric pressure (e.g., steam).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			vapor										
A layer of sediment deposited in lakes during one year. Each layer consists of two parts, which are deposited at different seasons and which differ in color and texture; thus, the layers can be counted and measured. In a complete series, the number of layers gives the date on which the ground was vacated by the retreating ice.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			varve										
A zonal circulation of the atmosphere confined to equatorial regions and driven principally by the oceanic temperature gradient. In the Pacific, air flows westward from the colder, eastern area to the warm, western ocean, where it acquires warmth and moisture and subsequently rises. A return flow aloft and subsidence over the eastern ocean complete the cell.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			Walker cell										
The closing of the stomata by a plant in response to excessive water loss through transpiration or in response to drought conditions. The stomatal closing reduces CO2 uptake as well as water loss, thus decreasing the photosynthetic rate. However, under conditions of elevated CO2 concentration, the CO2 gradient between the atmosphere and the leaf is higher than under ambient conditions, and CO2 can pass through partially closed stomates at a rate similar to that under conditions of lower CO2 and open stomates. The humidity gradient remains the same at higher CO2, and transpiration is impeded. The net result is improved water-use efficiency by some plants.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			water stress effect										
The level of groundwater.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			water table										
A measure of the amount of water used by plants per unit of plant material produced. The term can be applied at the leaf, whole-plant, and ecosystem levels.  At the leaf level, it is more precisely referred to as the instantaneous transpiration efficiency, the CO2 assimilation rate (photosynthesis) divided by the transpiration rate (the moles of CO2 taken up divided by the moles of water lost through transpiration in a unit of time per unit leaf area). At the whole-plant level, it is more precisely referred to as the growth water-use efficiency, the units of dry matter synthesized divided by the units of water lost.  At the ecosystem level, it is more precisely referred to as the crop water-use efficiency, the grams of dry weight gained by plants during the growing season per unit land area divided by the millimeters of water lost (including evaporation directly from the soil).  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			water-use efficiency										
Water present in the atmosphere in gaseous form; the source of all forms of condensation and precipitation. Water vapor, clouds, and carbon dioxide are the main atmospheric components in the exchange of terrestrial radiation in the troposphere, serving as a regulator of planetary temperatures via the greenhouse effect. Approximately 50 percent of the atmosphere's moisture lies within about 1.84 km of the earth's surface, and only a minute fraction of the total occurs above the tropopause.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			water vapor										
A process in which an increase in the amount of water vapor increases the atmosphere's absorption of longwave radiation, thereby contributing to a warming of the atmosphere. Warming, in turn, may result in increased evaporation and an increase in the initial water vapor anomaly. This feedback, along with carbon dioxide, is responsible for the greenhouse effect and operates virtually continuously in the atmosphere.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			water vapor feedback										
The instantaneous state of the global atmosphere-ocean- cryosphere system.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			weather										
See ice sheet.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			West Antarctic Ice Sheet										
An area that is regularly saturated by surface water or groundwater and subsequently is characterized by a prevalence of vegetation that is adapted for life in saturated-soil conditions.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			wetlands										
Statistical-dynamical or energy-balance models in which only the latitudinally averaged quantities are determined and the effects of the longitudinally varying transports are determined parametrically. Abbreviated as ZAM.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			zonally-averaged models										
That portion of the plankton community comprised of tiny aquatic animals eaten by fish.  [ORNL/CDIAC-39]			zooplankton										
INLET, GULF, nordd. fr schmale lange Meeresbucht (Duden); Ertrunkene lineare Hohlform, berwiegend glazigen, in unverfestigten Sedimenten, unruhiges Relief, Untergrund oft gestaucht, oft Lateral- und Stirnmornenwlle, bisweilen starker subglazifluvialer Einflu (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Frde		inlet, gulf										
BLDG	Haus	Htte	house, hut, building										
BLDG	Forstamt	Frsterei, Forsthaus, Waldhaus	forester's house										
PEN	Halbinsel		peninsula										
RSVR, LAKE	Stausee	Staubecken, Talsperre	reservoir, lake										
SPRG	Quelle(n)	Ursprung	spring(s)										
RAVN, FLAT	Grund(e)	Grndlein	ravine, valley, shoal, bank, flat										
HBR	Hafen		harbour, inlet, bay										
	Hansestadt		hanseatic city										
HTH	Heide		heath, forest, pasture										
CAVE	Hhle(n)		cave, cavern										
HEAD	Hoved	Landspitze, Landzunge, Rain	headland										
CTRY, STAT, REGN	Land		country, state, region										
ADMD	Landkreis		administrative division										
VAL, CHAN, RAVN, PASS	Loch		valley, channel, ravine, pass										
ADMD	Regierungsbezirk		administrative division										
SPIT	Landzunge	spitz zulaufende Sandbank	spit, sandspit										
PT	Ort	Haken, Huk	point										
	Kaap		dune										
large deep crevasse often visible during summer at the head of a mountain glacier between the stationary and the mobile part of the nv; in winter the bergschrund is concealed by snow (nach: Geological Nomenclature)	Bergschrund		bergschrund	rimaye	rimaya								
GAP	Klause	Talenge	gap										
MON	Kloster		monastery, convent										
FLAT, BANK	Platte	Knob(s), Plate(n), Riff-Grund, Steert	flats, bank(s), bar, shoal										
POOL, LAKE, CRTR	Maar		maar, pool, lake, crater										
SEA	Meer		sea, ocean										
VAL	Tal	Thal, Niederung	valley, ravine, depression										
CAPE	Kap	Vorgebirge, Odde	cape										
COVE, nordd. fr Haff, durch Nehrungen (Landzungen) vom Meer abgetrennte Kstenbucht (Duden)	Noor		cove, lagoon, lake										
PARK	Park		park										
ROAD, ANCH	Reede		roadstead, achorage										
INLT	Priel		tidal inlet, channel										
	Seegat		channel, stream										
BCH	Strand		beach										
STR	Sund		sound, strait										
TWR	Turm		tower										
SHOL	Untiefe		shoal										
ADMD	Verwaltungsbezirk		administrative division										
FLAT, BANK	Watt		shallows, flat, bank										
BAY, INLT, COVE	Wiek		bay, inlet, cove										
COVE	Winkel		cove										
AREA			area										
COMM	Gemeinde		commune										
CRTR	Krater		crater										
ENTR	Hafeneinfahrt		harbour entrance										
EST	Grundbesitz	Besitzung, Gut, (Wohn)siedlung	estate										
ESTY	Meeresarm	weite Flumndung (den Gezeiten ausgesetzt)	estuary										
FRMC, dispersed rural settlement	Streusiedlung		farm community										
INN	Gasthof	Wirtshaus	inn										
INTS, (zeitweilig) aussetztend/periodisch fliessender Strom			intermittent stream										
LCTY			locality										
MNMT			monument										
MRSH, vor Ksten angeschwemmter fruchtbarer Boden	Marsch		marsh(es), pasture										
OBS			observatory										
POPL			populated place (city, town, village, hamlet, settlement)										
REP			republic										
SAND, BANK	Sand(e)		sandbank, sandbar, flat, shoal										
SCRP	Bschung		escarpment										
SECI			section of island										
SECL			section of lake										
SECP			section of populated place										
SECS			section of stream										
SITE	Ruine	Burgruine	ruin, site										
UPLD			upland, heights, plateau										
nach B. Frenzel: Gemittelte Hhenlage, bei welcher der Schnee aus rein klimatischen Grnden dauerhaft liegen bleibt, ohne den Einflu des Gelndes oder der Exposition.	Schneegrenze, klimatische												
nach B. Frenzel: Hhenlage an einem bestimmten Berg in bestimmter Exposition, wo der Schnee dauerhaft liegen bleibt, also das, was man reell im Gelnde antrifft.	Schneegrenze, orographische												
Zeitbegriff, 22000-18000 v.h. nach unkalibrierten 14C-Daten.	Hochglazial der Letzten Eiszeit		Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)										
	Vorlandgletscher		piedmont glacier; glacier of the Alaskan type										
	Eisstrom		ice stream; ice flow										
Faunen altertmlichen Geprges, vorwiegend aus dem jngeren Tertir	Superstiten												
	Spaltenfllung		fissure filling										
	Steinbruch		quarry										
Vorsto-Schotter der letzten Hauptvergletscherung (Wrm) bei Mnsingen im Aaretal zwischen Bern und Thun; charakterisiert durch eine bestimmte Gerllzusammensetzung (geringer Anteil an Molassematerial) sowie durch ihren genetischen Zusammenhang mit dem hangenden Mornenmaterial (C. Schlchter)	Mnsingenschotter												
2,5 Mio. BP bis 10000 BP, veraltet fr Pleistozn (Murawski, H.: Geol. Wrterbuch).	Diluvium	Pleistozn											
Schlamm- und Trmmerstrom, der infolge starker Durchnssung (nach Starkregen, starker Schneeschmelze etc.) vor allem im Hochgebirge zu Tal geht.	Mure, f.	Murgang, Murbruch, schweiz. Ruffi	mudflow										
Gesteinsschutt (Steinschlag, Bergsturz von umrahmenden Hhen, Detraktion u. Exaration von den Gletscherbettwandungen und dem Untergrund). Je nach Lagebeziehung zum Gletscher: Obernen, vor allem im Ablationsgebiet, ebenso wie InInnenmorne geringe glazigene Beanspruchung; Grundmornen, hohe Drucke am Gletschergrund arbeiten Gesteinsmaterial durch, Detraktion (Aushebung) und Exaration (Ausschrfung) des Gletscherbettes; Stirnmorne am Ende der Gletscherzunge; gegen das Zungenende schmelzen Randpartien verstrkt ab, Mornenmaterial wird angereichert, solange Schutt mit Gletscher transportiert wird: Seitenmorne, nach Ablagerung: Ufermorne; Mittelmorne bildet sich aus den vereinigten Seitenmornen zweier benachbarter Teilstrme bei zusammengetzten Gletschern; Quermorne: hherer Gletscherteil schiebt sich entlang einer Schubflche ber einen tieferen. Wilhelm 1975.	Morne	Guffer, Gand	maoraine	moraine									
nach B. Frenzel: kann am Ende eines Haushaltsjahres ermittelt werden (wenn alter Schnee geschmolzen ist)	Firnlinie	Altschneelinie											
nach B. Frenzel: Grenze von Schnee zu Eis	Firngrenze												
	lteres Biharium	Pr-Holstein											
	Anaglazial	Frhglazial											
	Kataglazial	Sptglazial											
Gefrornis, die den heutigen klimatischen Gegebenheiten entspricht (nach Bilibin, 1937)	aktive ewige Gefrornis												
Gefrornis, die das Produkt eines frheren, khleren Klimas ist; wird heute degradiert (nach Bilibin, 1937)	passive ewige Gefrornis												
Linien gleicher Schneegrenzhhe (Beug, 1977, rec. 16529)	Isochionen												
Vollglazial, d. h. Hhepunkt des Glazials (Beug, 1977, rec. 16529)	Pleniglazial												
Swasser-Diatomeae	Melosira												
Silicatkrper aus Blttern von Gefpflanzen, hufig in Grsern	Phytolith		phytolith										
empfohlene Menge, in Klammern minimale Menge, beide in Gramm; Holzkohle: 30 (1,7); Muscheln: 100 (7); Holz: 100 (7); Torf: 100 (15); organ. Sediment: 1 Kilogramm; Knochen: 500 (200); Dung: 30 (7); Wasser: BaCO3, SrCO3: 50 (7) (Broschre von Beta Analytic Inc., 1996) 	Radiometrische Methode, Probengre		Radiometric technique, sample size										
empfohlene Menge, in Klammern minimale Menge, beide in Milligramm; Holzkohle: 50 (5); Muscheln: 100 (30); Holz, Samen: 100 (10); Foraminiferen: 100 (15); Torf: 100 (15); organ. Sediment: 10 Gramm; Knochen: 30 (2); Pflanzenmaterial: 50 (10); Wasser: BaCO3, SrCO3: 50 (15); Wasser (als Flssigkeit): 1 Liter (Broschre von Beta Analytic Inc., 1996) 	Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie		Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)										
Gnz/Mindel-Interglazial plus Mindel-Glazial (nach Kretzoi, 1938, 1956)	Biharium	Altpleistozn											
	Rheinland-Pfalz		State of Rhineland-Palatinate										
Sehr feinkrniges Aggregat von unbekannter Zusammensetzung, vorwiegend bestehend aus Verwitterungsprodukten, aber auch aus Quarz-, Tonschiefer- und Glimmeraggregaten. Im wesemtlichen die gleiche Gruppe wird in der lteren Literatur als Saussurite (Edelmann 1933), Trb (Erberich 1937), Sondowsky 1940) und Zersetztes (Sondowsky 1937) beschrieben. (nach Andel 1950).	Alterit												
vorherrschend Staurolith, untergeordnet Disthen, Andalusit und Sillimanit (nach Boenigk, 1977/78)	Metamorphe												
Epidot, Klinozoisit, Zoisit (nach Boenigk, 1977/78)	Epidot												
veraltete Bezeichnung (nach Frenzel, mndlich)	Altwrm	Unteres Wrm											
veraltet fr Alt- und Mittelwrm zusammen (nach Frenzel, mndlich)	Frhwrm												
Sedimentgestein aus kantigen, durch ein Bindemittel verkittenen Gesteinstrmmern (DUDEN Fremdwrterbuch)	Breccie												
790000-780000 B.P., stellt die Grenze zwischen Alt- und Mittelpleistozn, also den Beginn des Mittelpleistozns, dar. Zeitpunkt einer magnetische Umpolung, die weltweit fabar ist (Brunhes + , Matuyama -); datiert mit Hilfe von Kalium-Argon-Altersbestimmung; siehe PKDB-Nr. 123643 (Frenzel, mndlich) 	Brunhes/Matuyama-Grenze												
kalkverkittete Wurzelrhrchen, die im L und anderen geeigneten Sedimenten bei entsprechenden Bodenbildungsvorgngen vorkommen (Brunnacker, 1962)	Rhizosolenien												
Bezeichnung fr Vorgnge und Ablagerungen unmittelbar vor der Gegenwart (nach Murawski)	subrezent												
Bezeichnung fr Lebewesen oder Bildungen der Gegenwart (nach Murawski)	rezent												
Sptes Atlantikum, bergang vom Atlantikum zum Subboreal; wird eigentlich nur von Wissenschaftlern aus dem Osten so bezeichnet (Frenzel mndlich)	Epiatlantikum												
vertikale Zirkulation, durch Oberflchenabkhlung von salzreichem Wasser induziert. Sie bewirkt konvektive Umwlzung und Mischung von Wasserkrpern. Ozeanische Zirkulation entsteht: In jedem Winter steigt Wasser mit relativ hohem Salzgehalt , das in mittleren Tiefen von eta 800m  nach N strmt, etwa auf der Breite von Island auf, wo der Wind das oberflchennahe Wasser fortbewegt. Die kalte Luft khlt dieses Wasser von etwa 10 auf etwa 2C ab. Durch die nun stark erhhte Dichte sinkt es wieder ab - bis auf den Meeresgrund. Dabei wird eine groe Wrmemenge auf die Luftmassen bertragen (erklrt milde Winter in Westeuropa). Vom Nordatlantik strmt das dichte Wasser ber den Meeresboden nach Sden, um die S-Spitze Afrikas herum und vereinigt sich mit dem Tiefseestrom um die Antarktis. Von dort verteilt sich das Tiefenwasser schlielich in die anderen Ozeane (Broecker, Denton 1990)	thermohaline Konvektion												
	Karstufe		headwall										
Liegt zwischen zwei Vereisungen und kann damit sowohl ein Interglazial, als auch ein Interstadial bezeichnen (Frenzel, mndlich)	Interglazial		interglacial					me#291lednikov'e					
Warmzeit zwischen zwei Stadialen (Frenzel, mndlich)	Interstadial		interstadial					me#291stadial					
Phase mit einem klteren Klima als vor- oder nachher, unabhngig vom Rang eines Glazials oder eines Stadials (Frenzel, mndlich)	Kryomer	Kaltzeit											
Phase mit einem wrmeren Klima als vor- oder nachher, unabhngig vom Rang eines Interglazials oder eines Interstadials (Frenzel, mndlich)	Thermomer	Warmzeit											
Glaziale Erosion, Abrieb durch Gesteinspartikel im basalen Eis. Bedingungen: Gleiten, Evakuation des Abriebs (Schmelzwasser); Nachschub von Gesteinspartikeln (basale Schmelze: Erd-/Reibungswrme). Formen: Stromlinienformen im Fels (rock drumlins), Politur, Schrammen; Feinmaterialproduktion (Haeberli, 1990).	Abrasion												
Proze der Glazialen Erosion: Herausreissen von Gestein aus Felsbett. Bedingung: Vorbeanspruchung des Felsbetts (v.a. Schwankungen von Pi und Pw, d.h. subglazialem Eis- und Wasserdruck), Kavernenbildung; Evakuation (Regelation). Formen: Rundhcker (Luv: Abrasion, Lee: Plucking) (Haeberli, 1990).			Plucking										
Sedimentationsproze. Bedingung: Schmelze der Basisschichten: Erd-/Reibungswrme. Formen: Grundmorne, stromlinienfrmige Verkleidung von Bettrauhigkeiten (Haeberli, 1990).	subglaziale Deposition		subglacial ledgement										
Proze der Sedimentation (gesttigtes Material). Bedingung: temperierte Gletscherbasis, Gradienten von (Pi-Pw, d.h. Eis- und Wasserdruck). Formen: kleinskalige Verformungen, gestreifte Grundmorne (flutes), groe Sedimentationsraten mglich (Haeberli, 1990).	subglaziales Flieen		subglacial flowage										
physikalisch/chemischer, ingesamt dominierender Proze der glazialen Erosion. Bedingung: funktionierendes subglaziales Abflusystem (Kanle, Piezometerprinzip). Formen: Rinnen/Kanle im Fels (auch aufwrts!), Gletschertpfe, diverse Kleinformen (Haeberli, 1990).	Schmelzwassererosion												
glazialer Sedimentationsproze, frontale Verformung. Bedingung: Gletschervorsto. Formen: Endmorne mit chaotischer Struktur bei temperiertem Eisrand, bisweilen grokalibrige Deformation (Glazitektonik) bei kaltem Eisrand und Permafrost (Haeberli, 1990).			bulldozing/recycling										
glazialer Sedimentationsproze, Ausschmelzen an der Oberflche. Bedingung: schuttbedecktes Eis. Formen: Obermorne (oft stark strukturverndert), Mittel- und Seitenmornen, extreme Sedimentationsraten mglich (Haeberli, 1990).			supraglacial melt-out										
glazialer Sedimentationsproze, diverse Prozesse an Kalbungsfronten. Bedingung: Gezeitengletscher, in Seen kalbende Gletscher. Formen: komplexe/wenig untersuchte Formen, wandernde Mornen bei Gezeitengletschern (Haeberli, 1990).	subaquatische Mornenbildung												
glazialer Sedimentationsproze, sub-/periglaziale Ablagerung. Bedingung: bei sublazialen Formen: funktionierendes Abflusystem. Formen: Esker (subglaziale Kanalfllungen), Kames (Randterrassen), Sander (proglaziale Schotterebenen), Deltas (Ksten) (Haeberli, 1990).	Schmelzwasserdeposition												
glaziale Erosionsform von Auslagletschern. Ausgedehnte, nach unten spitz zulaufende Dreiecksflchen, die im untersten Teil deutlich gegen ihre Umgebung eingesenkt sind und in den oberen Partien mehr oder minder unscharf mit dem allgemeinen Hang verschmelzen. Die Auenseiten der Fchen sind zumeist durch kleine Bche nachgezeichnet und etwas eingeschnitten; dadurch wird der Rand gegen den benachbarten Hang besonders deutlich hervorgehoben. Diese Marginalrinnen knnen allerdings auch verkmmert sein oder sogar vllig fehlen. Der Isohypsenverlauf ist im allgemeinen hangparallel; lediglich im unteren Bereich knnen die Isohypsen nach unten ausbiegen, da sich hier oft allochthoner Blockschutt befindet. An die Dreiecksflche schliet sich dann ein Kerbtal an (Hvermann, 1974).	Breitbodengletscher												
Kometen besitzen einen kompakten Kern, ein Gemisch aus Eis und Silikatstaub, dem grere felsige Bestandteile beigemischt sind.	Kometen		comets		cometas								
Asteroide sind Kleinstplaneten. Das Herkunftsgebiet der meisten Asteroiden liegt im Asteroidengrtel zwischen Mars- und Jupiterbahn. Die Grenordnungen der bekannten Asteroiden schwanken zwischen 1000 km im Durchmesser (Ceres) bis zu weniger als 1 km im Durchmesser.	Asteroiden		asteroids		asteroides								
nach dem Ort Villafranca d'Asti in NW-Italien benannt, ca. 4,5 Mio BP bis 1,8 Mio BP (nach Kowalski)	Villafranchium	Villafranca		Villafranchien									
(NGDC, 19??)\
The slopes above streams and rivers are subjected to a variety of processes that cause them to recede and retreat from the river or stream channel. These processes, collectively called mass wasting, can be classified according to rapidity of movement and according to the type of materials that are transported. Gravity is the force behind all such downslope movement.\
Factors that enable the force of gravity to overcome the resistance of inertia and friction to move more material downslope include: saturation by water which acts as a lubricant, steepening of slopes by streams, waves, or road construction, alternate freezing and thawing, and earthquake vibrations.\
Mass wasting of surface material is widespread process that can be found in high mountains, desert hillsides, deep ocean shelves, steep ocean shores and even on the moon and other rocky planets. The major methods of mass movement include: \
Rockfall: Large or small amounts of rock material break away from the face of a cliff as a result of weathering, and in the most rapid type of mass movement, free fall or bounce along an irregular slope to the base of the cliff forming talus. \
Rockslide: Rock material slides along a plane of structural weakness such as a bedding plane. Although they are most common on steep slopes, they can even occur on slopes of 15 degrees. Millions of tons of rock may plunge down slope at speeds greater than 160 km (100 mi) per hour in what is often the most catastropic form of mass wasting. \
Debris slide: Dry to moderately-wet, loose rock fragments and soil move rapidly over the surface of underlying bedrock. The interface of moving material and underlying bedrock is dry in a debris slide. \
Debris avalanche: Loose earth on a steep slope becomes wet and slides to the bottom of the slope. \
Snow avalanche: Unstable snow breaks loose and plunges down slope carrying rock and debris, carving avalanche chutes. \
Debris flow: Rock fragments, mud, and water flow downslope as a thick viscous fluid. Debris flows may begin as slumps and continue as flows. Movement may be as slow as that of freshly poured concrete or as rapid as that of a river.\
Mudflow: Silt and clay particles with water content as high as thirty percent follow stream valleys until the terrain flattens. Then they spread out as fans. Mudflows are sometimes over 100 m (330 ft) thick; they can float large boulders and move houses from their foundations. The speed of movement depends on the slope and the water content of the flow. \
Landslide: Unconsolidated rock material and even the bedrock itself may be involved in what is usually a rapid movement of material beginning with the slumping of stream banks or sea cliffs, or the sliding of mountain sides. Landslides move as a unit or series of units along a definite plane (in contrast to debris flows which move as viscous fluids). The material moves downward and outward along a curved plane. Eventually the material breaks into fragments that slide over uneven ground at the base until friction overcomes the force of motion. \
Slumping: A resistant rock overlies a weaker rock layer. The weaker rock is eroded undermining the resistant rock and producing an unstable condition. Slump blocks can be as much as 5 km (3 mi) long and 150 m (495 ft) thick. They may move in a matter of seconds or gradually slip over a period of several weeks. \
Solifluction: The upper zone of saturated soil flows slowly down even the most gentle slopes in arctic and subarctic regions where an impermeable permafrost area exists.\
Water can not percolate into this permafrost area so the thawed surface remains saturated and flows as a viscous fluid. \
Rock Glacier: Angular rock debris resembling glaciers move as a body down slope at rates ranging from 3 cm (1.2 in) a day to 1 m (3.3 ft) a year. A considerable amount of ice exists in the pore spaces between the rock fragments and is responsible for much of the movement. The increased weight of rock fragments falling onto the flow cause the ice to flow. Steep cliffs and a cold climate that keeps ice permanently frozen are conditions that most often result in rock glaciers. A steep flow front, lobes, and concentric ridges on the flow are evidence of rock glaciers. \
Creep: The mantle on a slope moves downward almost imperceptibly under the constant pull of gravity. In areas subject to cold winters the water in the layers of soil or clay freezes and increases in volume. This lifts the rocks upward at right angles to the slope. However, when melting occurs the rocks fall vertically and so are moved downhill. Wetting and drying has the same effect since moisture causes expansion of clay materials. Burrowing organisms displace particles permitting the force of gravity to move them. Growing plant roots and the tramping of animals also force soil material downslope.	Erdrutsch		landslide		derrumbe								
Sptes Neolithikum, bergang des Neolithikums zur Kupferzeit (Frenzel, mndlich)	neolithikum												
stark zementierter Schotter, bei dem die Schottersteine aus der Aufschluwand wie Nagelkpfe hervorstehen; Fluh: altdeutsch Felsen (Frenzel mndlich)	Nagelfluh												
Lokalitt, an der erstmals eine Zeit definiert wurde (erste Wahl des Autors; kann sich nachtrglich auch als ungnstig erweisen, so da ein Lectotypus definiert wird, der besser geeignet ist) (Frenzel mndlich).	Holotypus												
Lokalitt, die nachtrglich als besser geeignet als der Holotypus angesehen wird, und deshalb zustzlich zum Holotypus definiert wird (Frenzel mndlich).	Lectotypus												
ergnzende Lokalitt, die vom Autor oder einer anderen Person zustzlich zum Holotypus definiert wird (Frenzel mndlich).	Paratypus												
S-frmige Schichtenverbiegung, die durch gegenlufige relative Verschiebung zweier Schollen ohne Bildung grerer Bruchfugen erfolgt (Murawski).	Flexur												
	Tiefseestadium		Deep Sea Stage, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)										
Schlecht sortiertes Sediment, grbere Blcke liegen in feinerem Material (ohne Erklrung, nur beschreibend) (Frenzel, mndl.)	Diamikt		diamict										
Vertiefung, die keinen Abflu hat (Frenzel, mndl.).	Talung												
Groe, langgestreckte, ovale Stromlinienform; entbltes liegendes Gestein mit einzelnen Tillflecken (Geschiebelehm/Geschiebemergelflecken) mit Schliffen und Ausbrchen auf der Felsoberflche, soweit vorhanden (Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits).	Walrcken		whaleback, rock drum, pl. drumlin										
Kleinere oder groe, ovale oder vielgesteltige, oft sehr hohe Formen, Kern aus Hartgestein, sonst wie Waldrcken (siehe dort), meist steile Leeseite, Untergliederung der Hnge durch Steilflchen und Bermen, Felsformen meist mit Gletscherschliff, shatter marks und Sichelbrchen (Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits).	Rundhcker	Rundbuckel	sheepsback, rock drum	roche moutonne									
Stromlinienfrmiger Hgel, zusammengesetzt aus luvseitigem Fels und einem leeseitigen Tillteil (Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits).	geschweifter Rundhcker		crag-and-tail										
Leeseitig hinter einem Felsrcken angelagerte basale Morne, wechsellagernd mit Kieslinsen, in der Flierichtung des Gletschers (Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits).	Stromschattenmorne		lee-side ridge, large crag-and-tail										
Extrem langgestreckter, sehr schmaler, parallel zur Gletscherflierichtung angeordneter Mornenrcken, aus Till aufgebaut, meist in Gruppen, bei typischem fluting sehr flache Rcken (Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits).	Strichmorne		fluting, radial moraine, scallops, fluted moraine										
Ovale oder elliptische Hgel, meist in Gruppen, berwiegend mit synsedimentrer Tilldecke bekleidet mit Kern aus liegendem Lockergestein, bergnge zu den Rundhckern (siehe dort) auf dem Rcken vielfach einzelne Slle; oft begleitet von geschlossenen Hohlformen (Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits).	Schildrcken		drum, pl. drumlin										
Langgestreckte zeppelinfrmige Hgel, weniger markant als drumlins, Aufbau wie Rundhcker (siehe dort) und Strichmornen (siehe dort) (Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits).	Sichelbrche	Gletscherschrammen	drumlinoid, crescentic groove, crescentic fracture striation										
Langgestreckte, bisweilen sigmoidal geformte Hgel, berwiegend aus zum Gletscher sxnchronen Tills aufgebaut, unterschiedliches Gefge auf de Luv- und Leeseite (Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits).	Rogenmorne		ribbed moraine										
movement of water through the soil	durchsickern	gefiltert werden	percolate										
summer meltwater refreezing on a glacier	berlagert	darberliegend	superimposed ice										
non stratified drift; moraine deposit                               unsorted, normally unstratified deposit, laid down directly underneath a glacier or ice sheet                                                                   more general term for unsorted glacial deposits (with or without boulders)	Geschiebelehm	Grundmorne	till										
nach Bilibin (1937): Gefrornis, die den heutigen klimatischen Gegebenheiten entspricht	aktive ewige Gefrornis												
nach Bilibin (1937): Produkt eines frheren, khleren Klimas, wird heute degradiert	passive ewige Gefrornis												
Glaziallakustrin, Beckenschluff, -ton und -sand mit gut sortierter Bnderschichtung, Ausfllung tieferer Hohlformen; Voraussetzung: Absatz im ruhigen Stillwasser oder mchtige unsortierte Sedimente mit winterlicher Eisdecke bei flachem Wasser, Reste kltevertragender Swasserfossilien (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Bnderton	Varve	varved laminae (rhythmites)										
	Sandersystem		outwash system	pondages									
Abflubahn von Schmelzwasser in Gebieten, wo vorrckendes Inlandeis das Talnetz blockiert, etwa parallel zum Gletscherrand; sandig-kiesige Bnke mit Schrgschichtung, Laminarschichtung (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Urstromtal		ice-marginal valley	valle marginale proglaciaire	valle marginal anteglaciar				pradolina				
Fluviale Sedimentation, leicht geneigte Flchen, zum Gletscher hin steiler und hher, talabwrts leicht konkav, hufige Verstelung der Schmelzwassergerinne, lentikulare Rinnenstrukturen, Erosions- und Verfllungsstrukturen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke). May involve: outwash fan, valley train, pitted plain, outwash delta.	Sander		outwash plain (sandur)										
Im Querschnitt U-frmige Tler im reliefenergiereichen Hartgestein, mit bertiefungswannen (lake chains, paternoster) und Treppen, Konfluenz- und Diffluenzstufen (lips) im Lngsschnitt; Nebentler als Hngetler (hanging tributaries) ausgebildet. Das Trogtal wird meist talauf von einem sehr starken und hohen Trogschlu von der eigentlichen Karregion abgegrenzt (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Trogtal	U-Tal	U-shaped valley										
langgestreckter Rcken, gestauchte Lokal-(sohl-) morne, Schollen und Schuppen, Verwechslungen mit berfahrenen Endmornen mglich, doch marginaler Formenschatz fehlt (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Stauchmorne, subglazial		thrust moraine, overthrust moraine										
Oval bis zungenfrmig mit wechselnden Gren von einigen 100 m bis mehreren km; im Becken starke Exaration bzw. Stauchung des Untergrundes, oft stirnseitige und laterale Wallmornen. Differenzierung in grere Stammbecken mit Zweigbecken und kleinere Zungenbecken (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Zungenbecken												
Breiter Taleinschnitt, oft in Deck- oder Endmornen eingeschnitten (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Durchbruchstal		spillway, glacial lake outlet										
Im Bereich von Talgletschern schafft Schmelzwassererosion unregelmige Flubetten im Eis und Fels, Prallhnge (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Hanggerinne	hillside channel, spillway											
Gelnde mit unregelmigen geschlossenen Hohlformen und unregelmig streichenden kurzen Rcken; gewhnlich am Rand von Zungenbecken, Talfluren und Hngen; berwiegend Sand und Kies, Schotter, schluffig, wechselndes Einfallen der Schichtbltter und -bnke; oft gestrt durch Setzungen ber Toteis; Ablationstill (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke). Included: moulin kame, kame plateau, kame terrace (valley-side deposits), kame delta (marginal ose).	Kame		kame field, glacial karst	kames									
Tief in Felsgestein in Flierichtung des Gletschers eingeschnittene Hohlform, mehrere km lang und bis ber 800 m tief, Genese berwiegend glazifluviatil mit glazalem Einflu; Querrippen im "Mndungsgebiet", Teilverfllungen mit Lockergesteinen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Fjord		fjordvalley										
Breiter Mornengrtel mit unruhiger Oberflche, gerade oder bogenfrmig in der Randzone einer Gletscherzunge; zahlreiche geschlossene Hohlformen, unregelmige Hgelkmme; innerer Bau mit Stauchungen und Schuppungen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Stauchendmorne	Stauchmorne	terminal moraine, ice pushed ridge										
Flchen ohne Neigung oder nur mit flachem Einfallen, flach , kuppig, oder hgelig, ohne Till, mit Tillflecken oder einer Deckmorne, die aus Press- oder Schmelztill und/oder Sohltill bestehen kann, mit Linsen oder Einschaltungen von glazifluviatilen bzw. glazilakustrinen Sedimenten, Ablationsmorne nicht selten (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Glazigene Oberflchenformen												
Im allgemeinen flache und niedrige Hgel, parallel angeordnet, winkelig oder senkrecht zur Gletscherflierichtung (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Waschbrettmorne		washboard moraine, corrugated moraine										
Hohlformen, die vor der Vergletscherung bereits bestanden, angelegt und glazigen berformt wurden oder die primr glaigen angelegt worden sind (nach grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Glazigene Rund- und Lobenformen												
CIRQ, Mulde an vergletscherten Hngen (Duden); Im Gebirge, in Fels eingeschnittene und bertiefte Hohlform (Felsbecken) mit bersteilter Karwand und in aktivem Zustand wandparallelen Kluftsystemen des anstehenden Felses; Karschwelle am Ausgang; Ursprunggebiet eines Gletschers (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).semicircular headwall, rock basin, some tarns.	Kar		cirque										
Linienfrmige Anordnung mehrerer Kare bereinander (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Kartreppe												
von mehreren Seiten durch Kare angegriffener, scharfkantiger Gipfel (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Karling												
Flaches bis hgeliges Relief, Exarationsprozesse dominant,  Akkumulation tritt zurck; oft nur Ablationstill mit einzelnen Findlingen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Exarationsflche		cover moraine										
Unruhiges, bewegtes Relief, lckenhafte Tilldecke ber den lteren Untergundgesteinen, meist von geringer Mchtigkeit (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Fleckenhafte Deckmorne		hummocky ground moraine										
Flaches bis mig bewegtes Relief, berwiegend geschlossene Tilldecke mit Fern- und/oder Lokalmorne (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Geschlossene Deckmorne		hummocky till moraine										
rundlich, oval, erdfallhnlich oder unregelmige Form, lokale subglazifluviale Auskolkung oder suglaziale Exaration im Lockergestein oder Fels; vielfach durch Toteisbildung vor schneller Verfllung geschtzt. Hufig in Jungmornengebieten des Flachlandes, besonders in der Altmorne mit jngeren Sedimenten aufgefllt und nur noch durch Bohrungen oder Sondierungen nachweisbar (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke)	Gletschertrichter	Kessel	groove										
Genese wie Gletschertrichter, teilweise auch durch eingestauchtes oder eingepretes Eis entstanden, jedoch meist kleinere Form. Hufig in Jungmornengebieten des Flachlandes, besonders in der Altmorne mit jngeren Sedimenten aufgefllt und nur noch durch Bohrungen oder Sondierungen nachweisbar (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke)	Soll	Kessel, Toteisloch	cattle hole										
flchenhafte Vollform, vom Gletscher berfahren, geomorphologische Umbildung auf die Randzone begrenzt, mit und ohne Till, vgl. Walrcken (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke)	Inselrcken												
hufig als kuppige Grundmorne bezeichnet. Unregelmige Hgellandschaft stark bewegt, zusammengesetzter Formenschaftz aus Drumlin, Rogenmornen usw. Bsp.: Ebeltoft / Femmller bei Aarhus (DK) (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	hgelige Deckmorne		hummocky till plain										
smooth to hummocky drift cover, mostly basal till (lodgment of melt-out) by presssure deposition, with minor subglacial outwash lenses and thin cover of ablation tills, if any; including: cover moraine, hummocky groundmoraine, till plain, loess cover.	Grundmorne	Deckmorne	groundmoraine	moraine de fond									
glazigene Elemente in der Randzone bzw. im Zehrgebiet des Gletscher, geschaffen von geringmchtigem, langsam flieendem oder stagnierendem Eis mit oberflchennahem Schutt, Schmelz- und/oder Flietill sowie glazifluvialen und glazilakustrinen Einlagerungen in Verknpfung mit proglazialen Formen und Sedimenten. Mornenwlle hher als die hgelige und kuppige Deckmorne (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	glazimarginaler Formenkreis		ice marginal landforms										
unregelmige kleinere Wlle aus Ablationstill und Findlingen, hufig gestaucht durch den vorrckenden Gletscher und gestrt im Gefolge von Ausschmelzen des Toteises (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke). Including: cross-valley moraine, creavasse filling, DeGeer moraine (annual moraine), disintegration ridge (ice-block ridge), doughnut mound.	glazimarginaler Formenkreis / Kleinformen an der Gletscherstirn		minor (dumped) moraine										
kleinere Wlle, mittlere Hhe, leicht bogig, annhernd parallel zueinander, in Seebecken, doch meist quer zum Talstreichen. Material: blockiger Ablationstill und Glazifluvium (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Talriegelmorne		cross valley moraine										
parallele, steile Wlle, winklig zur Gletscherbewegung oder zum Eisrand versetzt gegeneinander (en echelon). Sandiger Till mit eingeschlossenem Glazifluvium (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Splatenmorne		crevasse filling										
niedrige Wlle, steile oder flachere Hnge, oft subaquatisch, parallel zur Gletscherstirn, bestehend aus Schluff bis Kies, Schotter, Ablationstill mit Findlingen; Stauchungen durch vorrckendes Wintereis. Bsp.: Hamburg-Sasel (Grube); Turku, SF (Glckert). Lit.: Louis. (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Wintermorne	Jahresmorne, Wallserienmorne	de Geer moraine, annual moraine										
Rcken mit wechselndem Streichen, alle Richtungen, eingelagerte, geschlossene Hohlformen, Ablations- und Flietill, gestauchtes glazigenes Material mit Toteis verschuppt, oft kombiniert mit Schwemmkegeln und Kamesformen. Bsp.: Memurubre (Gletscher) n Bergen W. Lit.: Gripp. (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke)	Satzendmorne	Stirnmorne	disintegration ridge, ice-block ridge,										
kreisrunde bis ovale Rcken mit zentraler Hohlform, vermutlich Subrosionsform eines greren schuttfhrenden Eisblocks. Bsp.: Ihlsee bei Segeberg (SH). (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Ringmulde		doughnut mounds										
marginaler Mornenwall unterhalb eines Kargletschers, Ablationstill (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Kar-Wall	Karrigel											
	Karwand		headwall, backwall										
einfachste Form einer Eisrandlage, lineare Anreicherung von einzelnen Findlingen an der Gletscherstirn, benachbart mit anderen Mornenrcken. Vgl. Talriegelmorne. Einfachste Form der Satzendmornen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Findlingsmorne		boulder belt										
besser "Ufermorne", da "Seitenmorne" AUF GLETSCHEREIS. Markante Mornenwlle mit Findlingsanreicherungen, und/oder treppenartige Abstze auf den Hngen, an den Lngsseiten des Gletschers wechselnde Zusammensetzung aus Ablationstill und Glazifluvium, mit lokalen Stauchungen. Oft starke Reliefunruhe (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke). Composed of: perched moraine, looped moraine, interlobate moraine, glacial trimline.	Seitenmorne	Ufermorne	lateral moraine complex	moraine latrale									
An den Talflanken hoch hinaufreichende, im Bergschrund- und Randkluftbereich gebildete Mornenwlle, treppenfrmig bereinander abgesetzt, keine durchgehenden Systeme (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke)	Bergschrundmorne		perched moraine, road moraine (scottish)										
Wall aus gestauchtem Material ber glazifluviatilen Sedimenten oder durch durch eingeschlossene Schmelzwasserbildung hindurchspieende Bildungen gekennzeichnet, Entstehung am vorderen Ende einer seitlichen Gletscherzunge (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke)	Bogenmorne	Mornenlobus	looped moraine										
Breite Rcken mit unruhiger Oberflche zwischen zwei Gletscherzungen, oft geglttet und abgeschliffen durch beidseits angreifendes, aktives Gletschereis (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Mittelmorne		interlobate moraine										
Mehr oder weniger horizontaler Bruch in der Vegetation der Talflanken. Zwischen dichter Pflanzenbedeckung und tiefem Bodenprofil einerseits und Rohboden und fehlender Vegetation andererseits oder zwischen alter Vegetation und Pioniervegetation in den Bereichen bis zu denen der Gletscher Pflanzen und Boden abgetragen hat. Unterschiede in der Congelifraktion (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Gletscherflankenlinie		glacial trimline										
Obergrenze des gegltteten und geschliffenen Felses gegenber der Verwitterungszone. Der bergang zwischen diesen beiden Bereichen wird vielfach durch eine neue Hangversteilung bezeichnet, die Schliffkehle. Lit.: Penck, 1901/09, 1912; Louis, 1952 (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Schliffgrenze												
ber den eigentlichen Trogwnden gelegene, noch berschliffene, aber weniger steile Hangpartien als die Trogwnde. Die obere Begrenzung des Schliffbordes stellt die Schliffgrenze, bzw. die Schliffkehle dar. Lit.: Louis 1952 (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Schliffbord												
Glazigen berformter, deutlich hervorstechender oberer flacherer Teil der Hnge des Trogtales. Oft recht terrassenhnlich, mglischerweise Reste alter Talterrasse. Lit.: Penck, 1901/09, 1912; Louis, 1952 (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Trogschulter												
Im Zwickel zwischen zwei Gletscherloben aufgestauchte Wallmorne, steilwandig, talaufwrts in Seitenmornen bergehend, talabwrts zu Mittelmornen werdend, gestauchte Sande, Kiese, Blockpackungen, Schmelz-, Press- und Sohltill. Bsp.: Mellenberg / Volksdorf (HH), Forst Hagen / Ahrensburg (SH) (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Mornengabel												
Berge innerhalb vergletscherter Bereiche oberhalb der Schliffgrenze oder Hochflchen, die vom bewegten Eis umflossen wurden. Nicht glazial berformt, aber zum Gletscherformenschatz im weitesten Sinne gehrend (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Nunatak (Plural: Nunatakker)	Tind (Plural: Tindur)											
Hufig hochaufragender Mornengrtel aus der Marginal- bzw. Endmornenzone des Gletschers, wechselnde Zusammensetzung aus gestauchten lteren Sedimenten, Schmelz- und Flietill, seltener Pretill, hufig Findlinge; vermutlich lngerer Halt der Gletscherstirn, Akkumulationszone des Gletscherschuttes (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke). Includes such specific units as: terminal moraine, recessional moraine, dead-ice moraine (ablation moraine), kame moraine, end moraine dump, boulder belt.	System der Stirnmornenwlle		end moraine system										
Eisrandparalleler Mornenwall, unregelmige Rcken und Hgelgruppen, oft kombiniert mit Schwemmkegeln und Kamesformen, Till ber Toteis disloziert, Ablations- und Flietill, z.T. Mornen-Blockwulst-Massen. In diesen ausreichend starke periglaziale Blockschuttbewegung, wodurch der ehemals einheitliche Wall in mehrere Teilstcke aufgelst wurde (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Kuppige Endmorne		dead-ice moraine, ablation moraine										
Breiter Mornengrtel im Hinterland der uersten Vergletscherung (Rckzugsstaffel); vermutlich entstanden in einer kurzfristigen Wiedervorrckungsphase des Gletschers oder bei einem lngeren Halt, Form und Bau bei rezenten Bildungen mit flachen proximalen Strichmornen vergesellschaftet . Sehr unklarer Begriff, nur zeitlich als Bildung der Abschmelzzeit aufzufassen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Rckzugsmorne		recessional moraine										
Konische hohe Hgel in einem Stirnmornenwall, teils in Reihen angeordnet, vermutlich Reste einer Mittelmorne, berwiegend Fernmaterial (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Endmornenkuppe		end moraine dump										
Abschnitte von rckwrtigen Mornenhgeln mit stark gestrter Lagerung, Verzahnung mit Schmelzwassersedimenten, Sllen und anderen unregelmigen Hohlformen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Kamemorne		kame moraine										
geformt durch glazifluviale oder glazilakustrine Prozesse, einschlielich Seeeis, Eisberge und subaquatische Bodenstrmungen; Erosion in Fels oder Lockergesteinen, meist geschichtete und sortierte Sedimente (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	indirekt glazial beeinflute Landformen		indirect glacially induced landforms										
Bis ber 400 m in Lockergestein und/oder Fels eingeschnittene Hohlform, fossil, an der Oberflche nicht mehr erkennbar, ber 100 km lang und bis mehrere km breit, Schwellen und Querriegel vorhanden, komplizierte Systeme, Sedimentfllung: Selten Till, im allgemeinen mit glazifluvialen Sanden, Kiesen und Schottern beginnend und bergang zum Hangenden in feinkrnige glazilakustrine Gesteine; Genese berwiegend glazifluviale Erosion mit glazigenem Einflu, Toteis fr Erhaltung wichtig. Glaziale Rinnen oberlchlich sehr gut erkennbar im Jungmornengebiet. Glaziale Tiefrinnen: nicht mehr erkennbar. Bsp.: Norddeutschland (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Rinne (soweit wassergefllt, Rinnensee)												
Flachere Talung mit geringen bertiefungen im Meter- bis Zehnermeterbereich, Querrippen charakteristisch, Breite wechselnd von ca. 50 m bis ber 500 m Prall- und Gletihnge nur bestenfalls in Andeutungen, Drumlinformen im, am Rande und auerhalb der Talung mglich, Wallberge vorhanden; im weiteren Sinne Zugehrigkeit der Rinnenseen zu diesem Komplex. Bsp.: Stellmoorer Tunneltal, Ahrensburg (SH), Meiendorf (HH), Teichwiesen Volksdorf (HH), Norderbeste Tal bei Tnningstedt (SH) (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Tunneltal		tunnel valley, meltwater tunnel										
Unregelmige lineare Hohlform, einzeln oder mehrere parallel nebeneinander; Genese: mehr oder weniger gleichsinniges Einschneiden der Schmelzwsser in den Untergrund, Entwsserung zu einem Gletschertor; bertiefungen in der Regel nachweisbar; sehr hufig in vergletscherten Gebieten des Flachlandes (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	subglaziales Tal												
Inglaziale Schotter mit Sortierung und Schichtung in Rinnensystemen, vermutlich unter hydrostatischem Druck gebildet, wallberg- bis kastenhnlich Formen, selten nachweisbar. Bsp.: Dassendorf (SH) (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	inglaziales Glazifluvium												
Element der supraglazialen Oberflchengewsser, geschichtete fein- und grobkrnige Sedimente, Sedimentation im Hangenden des Eises, mit Strungen durch Subrosion, Relief unregelmig (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	supraglaziales Flu- und Beckensediment												
lineare Vollform, entstanden unter Schmelzwassereinflu, parallel zur Gletscherbewegung abgelagert in Tunneln im oder unter dem Eis oder als Spaltenfllung auf der Gletscheroberflche; zusammengesetzt aus geschichteten Bnken und Linsen aus Kies, Sand, Schluff und Findlingen, gelegentlich Till-Gerlle; Schrgschichtungskrper oft gletscherabwrts gerichtet, der hhere Teil gekappt, Luv- und Leeschttung, Laminarschichtung; oft Verwerfungen, Klfte und andere Strungen besonders im Hangbereich des Wallberges (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke). Includes one or more of: beaded esker (radial ose), engorged esker, esker chain, creavasse filling.	Wallberg		esker				os						
Strongly decomposed organic lake mud, rich in methane. Originally in the German literature there was made a differentiation between organic lake mud of oligotrophic lakes (Mudde) and those of eutrophic lakes (Gyttja). Because the trophism of the former lakes can only be determined by microscopic analysis at present in German there is only used the term "Mudde" as equivalent of the Greek name Sapropel (Frenzel).	Faulschlamm	Sapropel, Mudde, Gyttja	organic lake mud				gyttja	sapropel					
Vgl. Wallberg. Allgemein hoch und lang, schlangenfrmig gewunden, stellenweise flache Senken auf beiden Seiten mglich, in der Regel buckliger auf dem Rcken, lokale Verdoppelungen und Wiederzusammenfhrung (Anastomose); vermutlich entstanden mit der Einmndung in stehende Gewsser (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Perlenschnurwallberg		beaded esker (radial ose)										
Wallberg geringer Gre, hangabwrts und quer zum Haupttal, oft im Streichen eines Nebentalgletschers (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Querwallberg		engorged esker										
Einzelrcken hintereinander, getrennt durch primre Lcken. Verbindung mit Kames, wahrscheinlich subaerisch in geringmchtigem stagnierendem Eis (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Wallbergkette	Osernsystem	esker chain (kame ridge; segmented system)										
Entweder (1) parallele kleine Rcken, fast gerader Verlauf, gegeneinander versetzt, vermutlich schrg zur Eisbewegung und zur Gletscherfront oder (2) halbrunde Formen aus Firstzusammenbrchen, meist aus Sand und z.T. aus Till aufgebaut, vermutlich dnnes Toteis (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Spaltenwallberg		crevasse filling (subcircular esker)										
Grere langgestreckte sich windende Rcken mit Deltaschichtung, Einmndung in ein stehendes Gewsser aus einem Gletschertor. Aufbau: Kies und Sand (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Deltawallberg												
Mehrer glaziale Rinnen mnden in einem Punkt, im Vorfeld Schwemmkegel oder ein proglaziales Schmelzwasserbett, reich an Findlingen, Blockpackungen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Gletschertorlandschaft												
Mehrere Slle radial hintereinander angeordnet, vermutlich durch Schmelzwasserstrudel erodiert (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Perlenschnurslle												
rund oder verwinkelt, gegltteter Fels, dm bis mehrere m tief (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Gletschertopf		moulin glacial pothole										
Einzelne isolierte konische Hgel, gewhnlich hoch, vermutlich gebildet durch in Gletschertpfe flieendes Schmelzwasser in noch langsam sich bewegendes Eis in der Gletscherrandzone (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Gletschertopfkame		moulin kame										
Flach geneigte Sand/Kiesflche, selten lakustrine Schluffe, umgeben von steilen Hngen mit Eiskontakt, Kollapsstrukturen, geschlossene Hochlformen lokal hher als benachbarte Ablagerungen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Kamehochflche		kame plateau										
Sandig-kiesiger Sedimentkrper mit flachgeneigter Oberflche, geschlossene Hohlformen, gestufte Abbrche; gewhnlich an niedrigen Talflanken, aber auch noch am Hang, Gletscherstauchungen, Strungen durch das abschmelzende Gletschereis (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Kameterrassen		kame terrace (valley-side deposits)										
Leichtgeneigte Oberflche, Trichterfeld, Rhren am Hang zum Gletscherkontakt; kiesige Oberflchenschttungen, lange Vorschttungen hineinreichend in temporre Seen oder Meeresstnde (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Kame-Delta		kamedelta (marginal ose)										
Hufform, obere Enden auf der Bergseite, Schmelzwsser werden im ruhigen Eis in den Tunnel hereingefhrt und auf der anderen Seite wieder hinaus (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).			in-channels and out-channels										
Gerundete Kiese und Blcke, Grobnke aus Findlingen und Blcken nicht selten.	Riesenbett		giant bar (flood terrace)										
Schmales Tlchen unmittelbar vor der Gletscherfront, Sammelrinne der marginalen Schmelzwsser, Seitentlchen eines radialen Schmelzwassertlchen; genaue morphographische Kennzeichnung des fossilen Gletscherstandes (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Illies'sche Rinne	Umflieungsrinne											
Symmetrischer flacher Fcher, verstelte Gerinne, grbere Sedimente zum Schwemmfcherbeginn, feinere talabwrts und zum ueren Rand, Schichtung parallel zur Oberflche (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	glazifluviale Schwemmfcher		outwash fan										
Grtel von Schmelzwasserablagerungen, begrenzt durch die Talflanken, verzweigte trockene Gerinne, konkave Oberflche, Slle, im Oberlauf natrliche, passende Terrassen bei nachglazialer Erosion (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).			valley train										
Fcher oder Tler mit zahlreichen Sllen, Gleitstrukturen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Sandertrichterflche		pitted plain (disintegration plain)										
In der bergangsregion eines Sanders in ein stehendes Gewsser (Seen, Fjorde, Meer) Bildung eines Deltas, charakteristische Deltaschttung in der Flierichtung, oberflchennahe Kiesdecken, Leeschttung mit steileren Fallwinkeln (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Sanderdelta		outwash delta										
Glazilakustrine oder glazimarine Ablagerungen. Sehr flaches Geflle zum Vorfluter oder zur niedrigeren geomorphologischen Einheit; Schluff/Ton-Fllungen in den Becken und Tlern, flache Hnge, niedrige Schwellen, grbere Sande sowie Hgelformen in der Nhe der Ksten und Schmelzwassereinlsse (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke). May include: outwash delta, subaqueous outwash (subwash), strandline, varved laminae (rythmites), marine clay.	Gletscherstauseeflchen	Marschflchen	glacial lake, marine plain										
Verzahnung von grberen und feinkrnigen Bnken, meist flachere Fallwinkel (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	glazilakustrines Delta		outwash delta										
berlappende, unregelmige Hgel, wenig sortierter Sand und Kies, gekappte stromlinienfrmige Schichtungskrper (Leeschichtunge, selten Luvschttung); wahrscheinlich Deltas von Unterwasseraustritten aus in- oder sublazialem Gletschereistunnel (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	subaquatischer Sander		subaqueous outwash (subwash)										
Lang aushaltende Wasserspiegelmarken ber den Beckenablagerungen entweder (1) erosionsbedingte Hochwasserterrasse in Geschiebemergel mit Rest-Schotter-Belegung oder (2) Deposition von Sand, Strand-Riff-System oder (3) Dnengrtel oberhalb des Strandes als breite olische Ablagerung (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Strandlinie		strand line										
steil geneigte Sander (>6), die glaziales Material in Form eines berganskelgels berziehen (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Bortensander, kleinere Formen: Sanderschrzen												
sehr flache Marschenlandschaften, glazimarine Sande, Schluffe und Tone, keine oder nur geringe Schichtung, hufig Kaltwasserfauna (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	glazimarine Sedimente												
hoch aufragende Sanderwurzel (Endmornenvertreter), die vor einer ber Toteis oder stagnierendem Eis gelegenen ehemaligen Eisrandlage beginnt (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	Hochsander												
	Rundhcker, unregelmige		plucked bedrock	roche fusle									
	Rundhcker, stromlinienfrmige		streamlined bedrock	roche fusele									
stromlinienfrmige Kuppen, direkte Gletscherformen, subglazial	Strichmornen, Schildrcken		streamlined drift	depot fusele									
	Endmorne		end moraine	moraine frontale									
kuppige Endmornen	Ablationsmorne		ablation moraines	moraine d'ablation									
	sbuglaziale Schmelzwasserformen		subglacial meltwater landforms	formes glaciaires de l'eau de fonte									
Eroded by meltwater, restricted or contained by ice walls (not exactly downhill), in rolling or mountainous topography, cut walls of bedrock or till mostly. Including some of the following: glacial moulins (glacial potholes), glacial chutes, in-and-out channels.	Marginalrinnenformen	Berghang-Gerinne	hillside channels	rigole de versant									
berwiegend im Gletscherkontakt entstanden und aus synsedimentren Grund- und/oder Sohlmornen (Till) aufgebaut. Liegendes Gestein kann durch Exaration und Erosion geformt werden. Shaped by ice-contact, composed mostly of basal till or eroded in much older bedrock	Gletscher-Landformen		direct glacial landforms										
Beteiligte Prozesse: Druckverflssigung und Gefrieren (Eissprenung), Glttung und Schrammung der Oberflche durch basalen und tieferen inglazialen Gletscherschutt (Pre- und Schmelztills - lodgement und melt-out tills) (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke). smoothed features produced by basal and englacial lower-ice debris, thick, moving, basal ice presumably.	subglazialer Formenkreis		subglacial landforms	formes sousglaciaires									
the action of alternate freezing and thawing around the fluctuating margins of snow accumulations	Schnee-Erosion	Nivation	nivation	nivation	nivacin								
Opposite of organic; Mineral sediments (Frenzel mndlich).	mineralische Sedimente		klastic sediments										
rounded smoth bedrock forms by ice erosion, mostly striated bedrock with pockets of basal till cover; including: cirque, U-valley, whaleback (rock drumlin), roche moutone (sheepsback), groove	lineare Formen im subglazialen Formenkreis		streamlined topography										
	Furche		groove, furrow	canelure	ranura, acanaladura								
excavation made by a living animal within unconsolidated sediment	Grabgang		burrow	terrier	conducto								
enclosed elongate hallows, between and parallel to drumlins			murdlin										
systematic ridge sets, maybe crescentic (nesting) to straight (parallel); basal till (mostly deformed or squeeze-up); probably moderatley near ice margin. Including: washboard moraine (corrugated moraine), ribbed moraine (rogan moraine), thrust moraine (overthrust moraine9, lee-side ridge (large crag-and-tail)			minor (pressure) moraine										
glazifluvialer, glazilakustriner und glazimariner Formenkreis, Schmelzwasserformen angepat an die ursprngliche Morphologie, gegeben durch ltere Gesteine, das vorhandene Regolith oder Gesteine frherer Vergletscherungen. Gut und schlecht sortierte und geschichtete Ablagerungen, sptere Bedeckung durch olische Sedimente (Flugsand, Lss usw.) u. a. Deckschichten (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).	proglazialer Formenkreis		proglacial landforms										
fluviale Erosion durch katastrophale oder jahreszeitliche Schmelzwasserausflsse oder Ausbrche von durch Eis aufgedmmten Gletscherstauseen mit schwankendem Wasserspiegel und wechselnder Lokation; im Einzelnen: glacial gorge (coule), spillway (glacial lake outlet), giant bar (flood terrace) (nach Grube, Frenzel, Liedtke).			scabland topography										
cliffed bedrock walls, narrow floor, through former divide, often reversing headwater of preglacial stream, sometimes extensive, with plunge pools, rapids and falls, many have misfit today.	Prallhnge im Fels (?)	coule	glacial gorge										
glacial lake outlet; broad channel cut, generally through ground or end moraine, often marshy with misfit stream downvalley	Rutschstreife	Strieme, Schramme	stria (pl. striae)	strie	estra								
surface melting forms of firn ice or snow, formed as a result of (all year round) strong insolation - especially in tropical regions - consisting of peculiarly shaped pillars in East-West rows, sometimes resembling statues.	Bsserschnee	Zackenfirn	penitent snow	neige  pnitents	nieve penitente								
sediment which results from re-deposition of glacial debris or a freshly deposited till, by the force of gravity (not free fall) shortly after the release of the debris from glacier ice, yet in direct local connection with the ice. The deposition may occur ice-marginally, supraglacially, or sub-glacially, and subaerially or subaquatically (Commission on genesis and lithology of quaternary deposits)			flow till										
extrusion (or intrusion, in some cases?) till is a re-sedimented subglacial till squeezed out by the load of glacier along ice-margin, into subglacial cavities, or into crevasses in ice or in substratum (variety of deformation till?) (Commission on genesis and lithology of quaternary deposits).		extrusion till	squeeze till										
subglacial deposit which consists of strongly deformed local (weak) rock or unconsolidated substratum material which si visibly deformed, that has been detached by glacial drag from its source, transported under the glacier sole and deposited after (a short) transport (Commission on genesis and lithology of quaternary deposits).			deformation till										
subglacial waterlain diamicton deposited by free fall of basal or englacial melt-out debris through muddy shallow water in subglacial cavities of grounded glacier, under partly floating glacier, or along the grounding line of ice shelf (Commission on genesis and lithology of quaternary deposits).			undermelt diamicton, undermelt till, subaquatic melt-out till										
Zerstrung der Felsen unter Eisoberflche durch Wechsel von Auftauen und Wiedergefrieren (offenbar an bergwrtiger Rckseite des Eises).	Nivation												
the upper and most weathered part of the soil profile, including the A- and B-horizons	Solum		solum	solum	solum								
